11. ‘Hairy roots’ induced in vitro by the infection of Agrobacterium rhizogenes are characterized by:
(A) P and R only
(B) P and Q only
(C) Q and R only
(D) R and S only
Where:
P. a high degree of lateral branching
Q. genetic instability of culture
R. an absence of geotropism
S. poor biomass production

10. Shoot organogenesis by tissue culture results into:
(A) a bipolar structure that has no vascular connection with the explant
(B) a monopolar structure that has a strong connection with the pre-existing vascular tissue of the explant
(C) a monopolar structure that has no vascular connection with the explant
(D) a bipolar structure that has a strong connection with the pre-existing vascular tissue of the explant

9. Hydrated synthetic seeds which are produced by ion exchange reaction involve mixing the somatic embryos in a solution of:
(A) sodium alginate and dropping it in a solution of calcium nitrate
(B) calcium alginate and dropping it in a solution of sodium nitrate
(C) calcium alginate and dropping it in a solution of ammonium nitrate
(D) mannitol and dropping it in a solution of sodium nitrate

8. Diploid Drosophila has eight chromosomes. Which one of the following terms should NOT be used to describe Drosophila with sixteen numbers of chromosomes?
(A) Polyploid
(B) Aneuploid
(C) Euploid
(D) Tetraploid

7. A cell in G₁ of interphase has 12 chromosomes. How many chromatids will be found per cell during metaphase II of meiosis?
(A) 6
(B) 12
(C) 18
(D) 24

6. An alternative to glycolysis pathway is:
(A) glyoxylate pathway
(B) pentose phosphate pathway
(C) citric acid cycle
(D) gluconeogenesis

5. The product commercially produced by animal cell culture is:
(A) insulin
(B) tissue plasminogen activator
(C) interferon
(D) hepatitis B vaccine

4. Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) are used for cloning:
(A) large segments of DNA
(B) mRNA
(C) bacterial DNA
(D) yeast DNA

3. Apoptosis is characterized by:
(A) necrosis
(B) programmed cell death
(C) membrane leaky syndrome
(D) cell cycle arrest process

2. Members of the antibody protein family that have common structural features are collectively known as:
(A) haptens
(B) allergens
(C) antigens
(D) immunoglobulins