Questions and Answers

State that the respiratory quotient (RQ) is the ratio of the number of molecules of carbon dioxide produced to the number of molecules of oxygen taken in, as a result of respiration

Explain the relative energy values of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins as respiratory substrates

Describe the features of ATP that make it suitable as the universal energy currency

Outline the need for energy in living organisms, as illustrated by active transport, movement and anabolic reactions, such as those occurring in DNA replication and protein synthesis

Outline how penicillin acts on bacteria and why antibiotics do not affect viruses

Outline the hybridoma method for the production of monoclonal antibodies

Explain that vaccines contain antigens that stimulate immune responses to provide long-term immunity

Explain how vaccination programmes can help to control the spread of infectious diseases

Explain the role of memory cells in the secondary immune response and in long-term immunity

Describe the sequence of events that occurs during a primary immune response with reference to the roles of: • macrophages • B-lymphocytes, including plasma cells • T-lymphocytes, limited to T-helper cells and T-killer cells