State that carbon dioxide is a waste product of respiration, which is excreted through the lungs
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Describe excretion as the removal of toxic materials and the waste products of metabolism from organisms
Describe excretion as the removal of toxic materials and the waste products of metabolism from organisms
Outline how HIV affects the immune system, limited to: decreased lymphocyte numbers and reduced ability to produce antibodies, which weakens the immune system
Outline how HIV affects the immune system, limited to: decreased lymphocyte numbers and reduced ability to produce antibodies, which weakens the immune system
Describe that memory cells are not produced in passive immunity
Describe that memory cells are not produced in passive immunity
Explain the importance of breast-feeding for the development of passive immunity in infants
Explain the importance of breast-feeding for the development of passive immunity in infants
Explain the role of vaccination in controlling the spread of transmissible diseases
Explain the role of vaccination in controlling the spread of transmissible diseases
Outline the process of vaccination: (a) weakened pathogens or their antigens are given (b) the antigens stimulate an immune response by lymphocytes which produce antibodies (c) memory cells are produced that give long-term immunity
Outline the process of vaccination: (a) weakened pathogens or their antigens are given (b) the antigens stimulate an immune response by lymphocytes which produce antibodies (c) memory cells are produced that give long-term immunity
Explain that active immunity is gained after an infection by a pathogen, or by vaccination
Explain that active immunity is gained after an infection by a pathogen, or by vaccination
Describe that specific antibodies have complementary shapes which fit specific antigens
Describe that specific antibodies have complementary shapes which fit specific antigens
State that each pathogen has its own antigens, which have specific shapes
State that each pathogen has its own antigens, which have specific shapes