Explain the process of eutrophication of water, limited to: • increased availability of nitrate and other ions • increased growth of producers • increased decomposition after death of producers • increased aerobic respiration by decomposers • reduction in dissolved oxygen • death of organisms requiring dissolved oxygen in water

Describe the sources and effects of pollution of the air by methane and carbon dioxide, limited to: the enhanced greenhouse effect and climate change

Describe the effects of non-biodegradable plastics, in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems

Describe the effects of untreated sewage and excess fertiliser on aquatic ecosystems

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of intensive livestock production

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of large-scale monocultures of crop plants

Describe how humans have increased food production, limited to: (a) agricultural machinery to use larger areas of land and improve efficiency (b) chemical fertilisers to improve yields (c) insecticides to improve quality and yield (d) herbicides to reduce competition with weeds (e) selective breeding to improve production by crop plants and livestock

Explain the factors that lead to each phase in the sigmoid curve of population growth, making reference, where appropriate, to the role of limiting factors

Interpret graphs and diagrams of population growth

Identify the lag, exponential (log), stationary and death phases in the sigmoid curve of population growth for a population growing in an environment with limited resources