How does ATP synthase in the thylakoid membrane use the proton gradient to generate ATP?
How does ATP synthase in the thylakoid membrane use the proton gradient to generate ATP?

How does ATP synthase in the thylakoid membrane use the proton gradient to generate ATP?
How do excited electrons from Photosystem II contribute to forming a proton gradient?
How are excited electrons transferred between carriers in the thylakoid membrane?
What is photolysis, and how does it contribute electrons to the light-dependent reactions?
How does light absorption by photosystems generate excited electrons?
What are the products of the light-dependent reactions?
Where do the light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) occur within the chloroplast?
Where do the light-dependent reactions occur in the chloroplast?
What was the chemiosmotic theory, and how did it lead to a paradigm shift in bioenergetics?
How would you annotate a mitochondrion diagram to show its functional adaptations?
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