What are the main sources of variation in a species, and how do mutation, meiosis, and sexual reproduction contribute to it?

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Why is variation essential for natural selection to occur within a species?

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What patterns or trends exist in the bone structures of vertebrate limbs, and what discrepancies might exist based on their varied functions?

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How does the structure of the pentadactyl limb differ among mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles, despite its presence in all?

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How has pollution influenced the development of melanistic (dark-colored) insects in certain areas?

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How does continuous variation across the geographical range of related populations support the concept of gradual divergence?

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How can populations of a species gradually diverge into separate species through evolution?

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What is adaptive radiation, and how does it explain the evolution of homologous structures with similar structures but different functions?

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How does selective breeding in domesticated animals demonstrate artificial selection and evolution?

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How does the fossil record serve as evidence for evolution?

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