Outline how penicillin acts on bacteria and why antibiotics do not affect viruses
Outline how penicillin acts on bacteria and why antibiotics do not affect viruses

Outline how penicillin acts on bacteria and why antibiotics do not affect viruses
Outline the hybridoma method for the production of monoclonal antibodies
Explain that vaccines contain antigens that stimulate immune responses to provide long-term immunity
Explain how vaccination programmes can help to control the spread of infectious diseases
Explain the role of memory cells in the secondary immune response and in long-term immunity
Describe the sequence of events that occurs during a primary immune response with reference to the roles of: • macrophages • B-lymphocytes, including plasma cells • T-lymphocytes, limited to T-helper cells and T-killer cells
Explain what is meant by an antigen and state the difference between self antigens and non-self antigens
Discuss the biological, social and economic factors that need to be considered in the prevention and control of cholera, malaria, TB and HIV (details of the life cycle of the malarial parasite are not expected)
Explain how cholera, malaria, TB and HIV are transmitted
State that infectious diseases are caused by pathogens and are transmissible