How do the Malpighian tubule system in insects and the kidney in vertebrates carry out osmoregulation and nitrogenous waste removal?

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What is the difference between osmoregulators and osmoconformers, and how do each maintain homeostasis?

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How have fluorescent calcium ions advanced the study of cyclic interactions in muscle contraction?

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How can electron micrographs be analyzed to determine the state of contraction in muscle fibers?

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Draw and label the key structures within a sarcomere.

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How does the structure of the human elbow support its function, and what can be annotated on a diagram of this joint?

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Describe the function of antagonistic muscle pairs in an insect leg.

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How do calcium ions and the proteins tropomyosin and troponin regulate muscle contractions?

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What roles do ATP hydrolysis and cross-bridge formation play in the sliding of muscle filaments?

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Explain the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction involving actin and myosin.

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