What recent structural evidence suggests the existence of a primordial virus?
What recent structural evidence suggests the existence of a primordial virus?
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How do virus structural studies contribute to our understanding of complex viral particles?
How do virus structural studies contribute to our understanding of complex viral particles?
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What techniques are used to determine the structures of individual virus proteins when capsid size limits resolution?
What techniques are used to determine the structures of individual virus proteins when capsid size limits resolution?
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What is the significance of combining cryo-EM particle images with individual protein structures?
What is the significance of combining cryo-EM particle images with individual protein structures?
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What is the b-barrel fold, and how is it relevant to virus capsid structures?
What is the b-barrel fold, and how is it relevant to virus capsid structures?
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How do the structural subunits of spherical virus capsids vary among different viruses?
How do the structural subunits of spherical virus capsids vary among different viruses?
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What are the characteristics of the capsid proteins in P arrangements, and how do they function?
What are the characteristics of the capsid proteins in P arrangements, and how do they function?
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How do the capsid structures of ssRNA animal picornaviruses and plant comoviruses compare?
How do the capsid structures of ssRNA animal picornaviruses and plant comoviruses compare?
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What is the diameter of human rhinovirus (HRV) particles, and what are their structural components?
What is the diameter of human rhinovirus (HRV) particles, and what are their structural components?
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How does the bean-pod mottle virus (BPMV) capsid structure differ from that of HRV?
How does the bean-pod mottle virus (BPMV) capsid structure differ from that of HRV?
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Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of genetically modifying crops, including soya, maize and rice
Genetically modified (GM) crops, such as soybeans, maize, and rice,
Sourav
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Outline the process of genetic modification using bacterial production of a human protein as an example, limited to: (a) isolation of the DNA making up a human gene using restriction enzymes, forming sticky ends (b) cutting of bacterial plasmid DNA with the same restriction enzymes, forming complementary sticky ends (c) insertion of human DNA into bacterial plasmid DNA using DNA ligase to form a recombinant plasmid (d) insertion of recombinant plasmids into bacteria (specific details are not required) (e) multiplication of bacteria containing recombinant plasmids (f) expression in bacteria of the human gene to make the human protein
<h2 class="mb-2 mt-6 text-lg first:mt-3">Process of Genetic Modification Using Bacterial
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Outline examples of genetic modification: (a) the insertion of human genes into bacteria to produce human proteins (b) the insertion of genes into crop plants to confer resistance to herbicides (c) the insertion of genes into crop plants to confer resistance to insect pests (d) the insertion of genes into crop plants to improve nutritional qualities
<h2 class="mb-2 mt-6 text-lg first:mt-3">Examples of Genetic Modification</h2> Genetic modification involves
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Describe genetic modification as changing the genetic material of an organism by removing, changing or inserting individual genes
Genetic modification (GM) refers to the deliberate alteration of an
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Describe and explain the conditions that need to be controlled in a fermenter, including: temperature, pH, oxygen, nutrient supply and waste products
<h2 class="mb-2 mt-6 text-lg first:mt-3">Conditions to Control in a Fermenter</h2> Fermenters
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Describe how fermenters can be used for the large-scale production of useful products by bacteria and fungi, including insulin, penicillin and mycoprotein
<h2 class="mb-2 mt-6 text-lg first:mt-3">The Use of Fermenters for Large-Scale
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Explain the use of lactase to produce lactosefree milk
<h2 class="mb-2 mt-6 text-lg first:mt-3">The Use of Lactase to Produce
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