What are the key differences between internal and external fertilization in animals, and how do these methods ensure successful reproduction?

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In what ways do spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ in terms of the number of gametes produced and the distribution of cytoplasm?

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How do spermatogenesis and oogenesis both involve mitosis, cell growth, two divisions of meiosis, and differentiation?

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What phenomena were investigated to understand how desert animals prevent water loss in their wastes, and what were the findings?

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Annotate a diagram of the nephron to show the structure and function of each part involved in filtration and reabsorption.

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Draw and label the structure of the human kidney, highlighting the role of each part in osmoregulation.

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How are blood cells, glucose, proteins, and drugs detected in urinary tests, and what do these tests reveal about health?

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What are the advantages and disadvantages of hemodialysis and kidney transplants in the treatment of kidney failure?

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What are the consequences of dehydration and over-hydration on the body, particularly on kidney function?

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How do the types of nitrogenous waste excreted by animals correlate with their evolutionary history and habitat?

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