How do chromosomes condense by supercoiling during mitosis?
How do chromosomes condense by supercoiling during mitosis?
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Why is it important to test the principle that cells only arise from pre-existing cells, and how does this principle underpin our understanding of the natural world?
Why is it important to test the principle that cells only arise from pre-existing cells, and how does this principle underpin our understanding of the natural world?
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What evidence from Pasteur’s experiments demonstrates that spontaneous generation of cells and organisms no longer occurs on Earth?
What evidence from Pasteur’s experiments demonstrates that spontaneous generation of cells and organisms no longer occurs on Earth?
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How does the endosymbiotic theory explain the origin of eukaryotic cells?
How does the endosymbiotic theory explain the origin of eukaryotic cells?
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How might the first cells have arisen from non-living material?
How might the first cells have arisen from non-living material?
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Why can cells only be formed by the division of pre-existing cells?
Why can cells only be formed by the division of pre-existing cells?
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Why is accurate quantitative measurement essential in the design of experiments involving osmosis?
Why is accurate quantitative measurement essential in the design of experiments involving osmosis?
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How can osmolarity in tissues be estimated by bathing samples in hypotonic and hypertonic solutions?
How can osmolarity in tissues be estimated by bathing samples in hypotonic and hypertonic solutions?
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Why must tissues or organs used in medical procedures be bathed in a solution with the same osmolarity as the cytoplasm to prevent osmosis?
Why must tissues or organs used in medical procedures be bathed in a solution with the same osmolarity as the cytoplasm to prevent osmosis?
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What are the structure and function of sodium-potassium pumps in active transport and potassium channels in facilitated diffusion within axons?
What are the structure and function of sodium-potassium pumps in active transport and potassium channels in facilitated diffusion within axons?
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Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of genetically modifying crops, including soya, maize and rice
Genetically modified (GM) crops, such as soybeans, maize, and rice,
Sourav
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Outline the process of genetic modification using bacterial production of a human protein as an example, limited to: (a) isolation of the DNA making up a human gene using restriction enzymes, forming sticky ends (b) cutting of bacterial plasmid DNA with the same restriction enzymes, forming complementary sticky ends (c) insertion of human DNA into bacterial plasmid DNA using DNA ligase to form a recombinant plasmid (d) insertion of recombinant plasmids into bacteria (specific details are not required) (e) multiplication of bacteria containing recombinant plasmids (f) expression in bacteria of the human gene to make the human protein
<h2 class="mb-2 mt-6 text-lg first:mt-3">Process of Genetic Modification Using Bacterial
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Outline examples of genetic modification: (a) the insertion of human genes into bacteria to produce human proteins (b) the insertion of genes into crop plants to confer resistance to herbicides (c) the insertion of genes into crop plants to confer resistance to insect pests (d) the insertion of genes into crop plants to improve nutritional qualities
<h2 class="mb-2 mt-6 text-lg first:mt-3">Examples of Genetic Modification</h2> Genetic modification involves
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Describe genetic modification as changing the genetic material of an organism by removing, changing or inserting individual genes
Genetic modification (GM) refers to the deliberate alteration of an
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Describe and explain the conditions that need to be controlled in a fermenter, including: temperature, pH, oxygen, nutrient supply and waste products
<h2 class="mb-2 mt-6 text-lg first:mt-3">Conditions to Control in a Fermenter</h2> Fermenters
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Describe how fermenters can be used for the large-scale production of useful products by bacteria and fungi, including insulin, penicillin and mycoprotein
<h2 class="mb-2 mt-6 text-lg first:mt-3">The Use of Fermenters for Large-Scale
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Explain the use of lactase to produce lactosefree milk
<h2 class="mb-2 mt-6 text-lg first:mt-3">The Use of Lactase to Produce
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