Ecology History Timeline Title Date Era Description Category Aristotle and Theophrastus’ Observations ~350 BCE Ancient Greece Early studies on plant and animal behavior and interrelationships, laying the groundwork for ecological thought. Foundational Works Antonie van Leeuwenhoek’s Microscope Studies 1670s Scientific Revolution Development of the microscope, leading to observations of microorganisms and early concepts of food … Read more
Botany History Timeline Title Date Era Description Category Theophrastus’ “Historia Plantarum” ~300 BCE Ancient Greece Theophrastus writes foundational botanical texts on plant classification and uses, laying the groundwork for botany. Foundational Works Dioscorides’ “De Materia Medica” ~60 CE Ancient Rome Dioscorides compiles a comprehensive herbal detailing medicinal plants, influencing Western herbal medicine for centuries. Medical … Read more
Biotechnology History Timeline Title Date Era Description Category Brewing Beer with Yeast ~7000 BCE Ancient Civilizations Early use of yeast in brewing by ancient cultures. Biotechnology Fermentation of Wine ~6000 BCE Ancient Civilizations Discovery of fermentation processes in winemaking. Biotechnology Domestication of Animals ~4000 BCE Ancient Civilizations Selective breeding of animals for desired traits. Biotechnology … Read more
Biochemistry History Timeline 1770 – Antoine Lavoisier explains metabolism as combustion, laying the foundation for biochemical energy concepts. 1828 – Friedrich Wöhler synthesizes urea from ammonium cyanate, proving that organic compounds can be made artificially, challenging vitalism. 1833 – Anselme Payen discovers the first enzyme, diastase (amylase), extracted from malt, marking the start of enzymology. … Read more
Anatomy History Timeline 1600 BCE – The Edwin Smith Papyrus, an ancient Egyptian medical text, provides the earliest known anatomical observations based on trauma cases. 460–370 BCE – Hippocrates emphasizes the importance of direct observation and natural causes of disease, establishing foundational medical ethics and anatomy. 384–322 BCE – Aristotle conducts animal dissections and classifies … Read more
History of Microbiology 500 BCE – Greek philosophers propose the miasma theory to explain the origin of diseases through “bad air.” 1668 – Francesco Redi disproves spontaneous generation by showing maggots come from flies, not decaying meat. 1674 – Antonie van Leeuwenhoek observes bacteria and protozoa using a handmade single-lens microscope. 1765 – Lazzaro Spallanzani … Read more
Immunology History Timeline 430 BCE – Thucydides observes that individuals who recovered from the plague in Athens did not get reinfected, indicating early recognition of acquired immunity. 1000 CE – Chinese and Indian physicians use variolation (inoculation with smallpox material) to protect against smallpox, marking the first recorded form of immunization. 1796 – Edward Jenner … Read more
1869 – Friedrich Miescher isolates “nuclein” (DNA) from white blood cells, marking the first identification of DNA. 1919 – Phoebus Levene identifies the basic components of nucleotides: sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base. 1944 – Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty demonstrate that DNA is the hereditary material in cells. 1950 – Erwin Chargaff formulates … Read more
1665 Robert Hooke publishes Micrographia and coins the term cell after observing the structure of cork under a microscope 1674 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek uses improved single-lens microscopes to describe “animalcules,” the first record of bacteria and protozoa 1838–1839 Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann formulate the cell theory, stating that all living organisms are composed of … Read more
Friedrich Miescher discovers “nuclein”,1869,CE,Miescher isolates a phosphorus‐rich substance from the nuclei of pus cells later identified as DNA laying foundation for molecular genetics,molecular biology Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty demonstrate DNA is genetic material,1944,CE,Avery and colleagues show that purified DNA from Streptococcus pneumoniae can transform nonvirulent bacteria into virulent form proving DNA carries … Read more
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