What are the steps of bacterial transformation?

The steps of bacterial transformation typically include: 1) Preparation of competent cells (chemical treatment or electroporation). 2) Mixing of DNA (e.g., plasmid) with the competent cells. 3) Induction of DNA uptake (heat shock or electric pulse). 4) Recovery phase, where transformed cells are incubated in non-selective medium to repair and express introduced genes. 5) Plating on selective media to isolate and grow transformants with the desired genetic traits.