BNO Team 
20 min read 
What are Neutrophils? Neutrophils Definition Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system’s defense against infections. They are highly mobile and act as phagocytes, engulfing and destroying bacteria and other harmful substances. Neutrophils are characterized by their multi-lobed nuclei and stainable cytoplasmic granules. They are part … Read more
16 min read 
What are Eosinophils? Definition of Eosinophils Eosinophils are a type of white blood cells that are involved in combating parasites, regulating allergic reactions, and supporting immune responses. They have distinctive granules in their cytoplasm and play a crucial role in maintaining immune system balance. Characteristics of Eosinophil Eosinophils possess several distinctive characteristics: These characteristics collectively … Read more
33 min read 
What is Dendritic cell? Location of Dendritic cell DCs in lymphoid organs Lymph nodes Spleen Thymus Blood Skin Gut Structure of Dendritic cells Dendritic cell maturation Mechanism of Dendritic Cells in Immunity – How Dendritic cells work against pathogens? (Immunity) Dendritic Cell Function in Innate Immune System Dendritic Cells Function in Innate Immunity to Adaptive … Read more
33 min read 
What is Body Lines of Defense? Defense Systems – Innate and Acquired Defense Systems When the body encounters invaders, it deploys two distinct types of responses: the Innate (Natural/Non-specific) response and the Acquired (Adaptive/Specific) response. These responses form the body’s defense systems against foreign particles. The Innate response remains consistent regardless of the number of … Read more
11 min read 
What are Anatomical Barriers? Anatomical barriers serve as the first line of defense against invading microbes or parasites, preventing them from entering the body and causing infection. These barriers consist of physical structures that organisms must attach to and penetrate before gaining entrance into the body. Microbes or parasites can enter the body through active … Read more
9 min read 
What is Immune Response? What is Primary Immune Response? Mechanism Stages of Primary Immune Response When an individual is exposed to an antigen for the first time, an initial immune response that is very transient and feeble occurs. This can be separated into four phases: lag, exponential, steady state, and decline. Lag (latent) phase Exponential … Read more
34 min read 
What is the humoral immune response/What is humoral immune response? Humoral immunity definition Humoral immunity, also known as the humoral immune response, refers to the branch of the immune system that produces antibodies in response to extracellular pathogens and foreign substances, primarily mediated by B-lymphocytes and plasma cells in the body’s extracellular fluids. History The … Read more
19 min read 
Tumors Tumor Antigens Some Antigens Are Tumor-Specific Antigens unique to cancers caused by chemical or physical carcinogens, as well as some virally induced malignancies, have been found. It is particularly difficult to demonstrate the presence of tumor-specific antigens on spontaneously developing tumours since the immune response to such tumours destroys all of the tumour cells … Read more
17 min read 
What is Cancer Immunotherapy? Manipulation of Co-Stimulatory Signals Can Enhance Immunity Enhancement of APC Activity Can Modulate Tumor Immunity Cytokine Therapy Can Augment Immune Responses to Tumors Interferons Tumor Necrosis Factors In Vitro–Activated LAK And TIL Cells Treatment with Monoclonal Antibodies Key Facts
25 min read 
What is Fermentation media? For a good output of product during a fermentation process, the selection of the optimal microorganisms and fermentation media is crucial. As it provides nutrients and energy for the growth of microorganisms, the quality of fermentation media is vital. This medium serves as a substrate for the production of a product … Read more