1 The covalent bonds within water molecules are described as polar covalent bonds. Which of the following best explains why the covalent bonds within water are polar?

  • A) Hydrogen is less electronegative than oxygen, generating a partial negative charge near the hydrogen atom.
  • B) Hydrogen is more electronegative than oxygen, generating a partial positive charge near the hydrogen atom.
  • C) Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, generating a partial negative charge near the oxygen atoms.
  • D) Oxygen is less electronegative than hydrogen, generating a partial positive charge near the oxygen atoms.
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4 Exploring the molecular pathways and physiological importance of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in dierent biological systems has highlighted their contributions to life’s fundamental processes. Carbon forms the framework of biological molecules, nitrogen is critical for proteins and nucleic acids, and phosphorus is essential for nucleic acids, membrane structure, and energy metabolism. Cellular membranes contain phospholipids which provide structure and specic physiological characteristics to support the molecular pathways of the cell. Which of the following models represents the correct arrangement of phosphorus within a phospholipid?

  • A) A
  • B) B
  • C) C
  • D) D
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