Cell Structure: Subcellular Components – AP Biology Flashcard

A cell with a nucleus and organelles, enclosed by a plasma membrane.

Contains a nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, and a plasma membrane.

Responsible for metabolism, growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli.

Animal cells, plant cells, fungi, and protists.

A simple, unicellular organism lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Composed of a cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes.

No nucleus, small size, binary fission reproduction, and diverse metabolic pathways.

Bacteria and archaea.

Specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct functions.

Generates ATP through cellular respiration.

Synthesizes proteins from amino acids.

Synthesizes proteins (rough ER) and lipids (smooth ER); detoxifies substances.

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery.

Contains digestive enzymes to break down waste and cellular debris.

Stores genetic material (DNA) and coordinates cell activities such as growth and reproduction.

Regulates what enters and exits the cell; maintains homeostasis.

Composed of the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles.

Involves growth, metabolism, reproduction, and response to stimuli.

Contains a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole.

A eukaryotic cell that is part of a plant, characterized by unique structures.

Illustrates the cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuole, nucleus, and other organelles.

Chloroplasts, cell wall, central vacuole, mitochondria, and ribosomes.

Lacks a cell wall but has a plasma membrane, with organelles suspended in cytoplasm.

Shows organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum.

Include muscle cells, nerve cells, epithelial cells, and blood cells.

Energy production, communication, protection, and nutrient transport.

Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts; animal cells have centrioles and lysosomes.

Both are eukaryotic, contain membrane-bound organelles, and perform metabolic functions.

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus; eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles.

Typically smaller than eukaryotic cells, often 0.1 to 5.0 micrometers in diameter.

Generally larger, ranging from 10 to 100 micrometers in diameter.

Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem, and phloem.

Involved in photosynthesis, storage, and tissue repair.

Provides flexible support to young plant stems and leaves.

Offers rigid support and strength to mature plant structures.

Transports water and minerals from roots to leaves.

Transports sugars and nutrients produced in photosynthesis throughout the plant.

Include mitochondria, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes.

Unicellular, binary fission, circular DNA, and smaller ribosomes.

Unicellular or multicellular, mitosis/meiosis, linear DNA, and larger ribosomes.

Protects the cell, maintains shape, and regulates substance exchange.

Serves as the site for cellular processes and houses organelles.

Site of photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.

Provides structure, support, and protection to plant cells.

Stores nutrients, waste products, and helps maintain turgor pressure in plant cells.

Lack chloroplasts and cell walls; contain centrioles and small vacuoles.

Prokaryotes divide by binary fission; eukaryotes undergo mitosis and meiosis.

Cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spirilla (spiral-shaped).

Methanogens, halophiles, and thermophiles.

Made up of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and cholesterol.

Facilitate transport, act as receptors, and provide structural support.

A network of fibers that provide structural support and shape to the cell.

Aids in cell movement, division, and transport of materials within the cell.

Enables cells to communicate and respond to environmental changes.

Process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water.

Serves as the primary energy currency for cellular activities.

Passive transport requires no energy; active transport requires energy to move substances.

Includes diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.

Speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.

Regulates cell growth, replication, and division.

Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.

Undifferentiated cells with the potential to develop into various cell types.

Allows for the formation of specialized cells with specific functions.

Process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy using chlorophyll.

Provides the energy required for the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into glucose.

The ability of a cell or organism to maintain a stable internal environment.

Facilitate communication between cells and their external environment.

Provide structural support, facilitate intracellular transport, and assist in cell division.

Carries the hereditary information and directs cellular functions.

Ensure the accurate distribution of genetic material during cell division.

Allows cells to coordinate their activities and respond appropriately to stimuli.

Acts as a solvent, participates in biochemical reactions, and helps maintain cell structure.