Mutemo waMendel Wekutonga – Tsanangudzo, Hunhu, Mamiriro, Mienzaniso

Chii chinonzi Mendel's Law of Dominance?

Mendel's Law of Dominance musimboti wakakosha mune genetics yakatorwa kubva mukuyedza kwakaitwa naGregor. Mendel pamiti yepea. Mutemo uyu unopa ruzivo rwekuti humwe hunhu hunoratidzwa sei muvana kana zvipenyu zviviri zvehomozygous zvine mavara akasiyana.

Mendel's Law of Dominance Inotsanangurwa:

1. Basic Kunzwisisa: Pakati pepakati, Mendel's Law of Dominance inotaura kuti kana mavara maviri akasiyana (maitiro) aripo, rimwe chete rinoratidzwa muchizvarwa chekutanga. Hunhu uhu hunoratidzwa hunodaidzwa kuti 'hutongi' hunhu, nepo humwe, hunoramba husingataurwi, ndiyo 'inodzoreredza' hunhu.
2. Genetic Control: Hunhu hwese huri muchipenyu hunotongwa nezvikamu zvakasiyana zvinodaidzwa kuti 'factors' kana majini. Aya majini anouya ari maviri, uye maviri ega ega anogona kunge ari homozygous (akafanana majini) kana heterozygous (akasiyana majini). Mune heterozygous pairs, rimwe geni rinotonga rimwe, rinotungamirira kukutaura kwechimiro chikuru.
3. Kutapurirana Kuvana: Kunyange zvazvo mavara akadzokororwa achiramba akanyarara muchizvarwa chekutanga, anopfuudzwa kuchizvarwa chinotevera nenzira yakafanana neyounonyanya kutonga. Hunhu hwerecessive hunozoonekwa chete kana mwana akagara nhaka makopi maviri erecessive allele, zvichikonzera munhu ane homozygous recessive.
4. Kuberekesa urongwa: Matepi maviri ane chekuita nehunhu anosanganiswa panguva yekusangana. Imwe allele inopihwa naamai gamete, uye imwe yacho inobva kune yababa gamete.
5. Kutonga muGenotype: Izvo zvakakosha kuti unzwisise kuti pfungwa yekutonga inoshandiswa zvakanyanya kune genotypic mavara uye haireve hazvo kuratidza phenotype (inocherekedzwa maitiro) emunhu.
6. Kunze uye Evolutions: Nepo Mutemo waMendel weKutonga wanga uri hwaro mune genetics, tsvakiridzo yakatevera yakaratidza kuti mutemo uyu hauwanzo kushanda pasi rose. Kune mamwe mapatani enhaka akawanikwa, zvichiratidza kuoma kunzwisisa kwenhaka.

Mamwe Manzwisisiro kubva kuMendel's Experiments: Upon analyzing results from thousands of pea plants, Mendel discerned that traits could be categorized into dominant and recessive. Dominant traits manifest in hybrid combinations, while recessive traits remain latent in hybrid offspring but reemerge in the subsequent generation. For instance, in Mendel’s experiments, violet-flower trait was dominant over the white-flower trait.

Kutonga Mukuita: Muenzaniso unoshanda unogona kuonekwa munyaya yealbinism, maitiro akawandisa. Nheyo yekutonga inojekesa kuti muheterozygote (chisikwa chine maalleles maviri akasiyana ehunhu), iyo chete inotonga allele ndiyo inoratidzwa. Aleri inodzokororwa, kunyange yakanonoka, inopfuudzwa kumwana nenzira imwe cheteyo ine simba guru. Hunhu hwekureruka hunozoonekwa chete kana mwana akagara nhaka makopi maviri erecessive allele.

Mienzaniso Yehumwe Hunhu Hhunotonga uye Hunodzora muVanhu:

• Hunhu Hunotonga: Achondroplasia, Brachydactyly, Huntington's disease, Marfan syndrome, Neurofibromatosis, Chirikadzi peak, Wooly hair.
• Recessive Hunhu: Albinism, Cystic fibrosis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Galactosemia, Phenylketonuria, Sickle-cell anemia, chirwere cheTay-Sachs.

Muchidimbu, Mutemo waMendel weDominance unopa nzwisiso yekutanga yekuti hunhu hunogarwa sei uye hunoratidzwa muzvisikwa. Nekudaro, sekune misimboti yakawanda yesainzi, zvakakosha kuziva miganhu yayo uye kuoma kweiyo genetic nhaka.

Dhawunirodha Mutemo waMendel weDominance Infograph

Mutemo waMendel weKutonga tsananguro

Mendel’s Law of Dominance is a fundamental principle in the field of genetics, formulated by Gregor Mendel, an Austrian scientist often referred to as the “father of modern genetics.” This law is one of Mendel’s three foundational principles, collectively known as Mendelian genetics, which laid the groundwork for our understanding of inheritance and the passing on of traits from one generation to the next.

Mendel's Law of Dominance inotaura kuti kana maalleles maviri akasiyana (mamwe mafomu ejeni) aripo mumararamiro emunhu, imwe allele (iyo inotonga allele) icharatidzwa mune phenotype (inoonekwa maitiro) echipenyu, nepo imwe allele. (the recessive allele) haizo ratidzwe pachena pamberi peiyo inotonga allele. Mune mamwe mazwi, iyo inotonga allele inovhara kutaura kweiyo recessive allele.

Somuenzaniso, funga nezvenyaya yeruvara rwemaruva mumiti yepea. Zviyedzo zvaMendel zvakaratidza kuti kana chirimwa chine ruvara rwepepuru (P) chinoyambutswa nechirimwa chine recessive allele yeruvara jena (p), vana (F1 generation) vese vanenge vaine maruva epepuru. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti iyo inotonga allele (P) inovhara kutaura kweiyo recessive allele (p).

Nekudaro, muchizvarwa cheF1, iyo recessive allele (p) haina kurasika; zvakangovigwa. Kana zvidyarwa zveF1 zvichitenderwa kuzvi-pollinate kana kuti zvakayambuka mumwe nemumwe, vana vavo (F2 chizvarwa) vacharatidza chiyero che3: 1 chepepuru kune maruva machena, zvichiratidza kuti recessive allele yakabuda zvakare.

Mendel's Law of Dominance ipfungwa yakakosha mune genetics nenhaka, inopa nzwisiso yekuti maitiro emajini anopfuudzwa sei kubva kune chimwe chizvarwa kuenda kune chinotevera uye ichibatsira kutsanangura inocherechedzwa maitiro enhaka muzvisikwa zvakasiyana.

Mutemo waMendel weKutonga Hunhu

Mutemo waMendel weKutonga ndiwo musimboti wekutanga mune genetics, uchijekesa kuti humwe hunhu hunogarwa sei uye hunoratidzwa mumwana. Mutemo uyu unopa ruzivo rwemaitiro emajini uye basa rawo mukuona maitiro ezvipenyu. Heano maitiro akakosha eMendel's Law of Dominance:

1. Origin of Dominance: Pfungwa yekutonga inobva papfungwa yezvinhu, zvino inozivikanwa semajini, ayo ane basa rekuendesa hunhu kubva kuvabereki kuenda kumwana.
2. Basa reGenes: Majini anoshanda sezvikamu zvekutanga zvenhaka. Aya majini, aripo mukati mekromosomes, anoraira kutaura kwehunhu hwakasiyana zvichienderana nekudyidzana kwavo nemamwe majini.
3. Diploid Masero uye Chromosomes: Muzvipenyu zvediploid, masero ane makromosomes akabatanidzwa. Chromosome imwe neimwe iri pavaviri ava inogarwa nhaka kubva kune mumwe wevabereki vaviri, kuve nechokwadi chekusanganiswa kwemajini mumwana.
4. Alleles Represent Characters: Hunhu hwese kana hunhu hunomiririrwa neallele. Tichifunga kuti kune mapairi emavara, kune saka kune maviri alles pairi imwe neimwe.
5. Homozygosity: Homozygous vanhu vane alleles maviri akafanana ehumwe hunhu. Semuenzaniso, mumiti yepea, chirimwa chakareba chehomozygous chaizova ne alleles TT, nepo homozygous dwarf chirimwa chingava ne alleles tt.
6. Gametogenesis and Allele Separation: Munguva yemutambo we gametogenesis, homozygous chromosomes inoparadzanisa, kuve nechokwadi chokuti gamete imwe neimwe inogamuchira chete allele, ingave T kana t.
7. Kuberekesa and Trait Combination: Pakusangana kunoitika, ma<em>gamete maviri anobatana, zvichiita kuti pave nomwana anogara nhaka ma<em>aleles kubva kuvabereki vose. Mwana uyu, ane majini maviri akasiyana ehunhu, anonzi heterozygote kana kuti hybrid.
8. Kuratidza Kutonga: In the context of pea plants, even though the hybrid offspring inherits genes for both tallness and dwarfness, they exhibit only the tall trait. This observation led Mendel to conclude that tallness is a dominant trait, while dwarfness is recessive.

Muchidimbu, Mutemo waMendel weKutonga unopa nzwisiso yakazara yekuti humwe hunhu hunofukidza sei vamwe muzvisikwa zvakasanganiswa. Inosimbisa kutamba kwakaoma kwemajini uye alleles, kuratidza masimba makuru-recessive anoumba mataurirwo ephenotypic muzvisikwa. Mutemo uyu, unobva mukutarisisa uye nekuedza, unoramba uri dombo repakona mumunda we genetics.

Mienzaniso yeMutemo waMendel weKutonga

Mutemo waMendel weKutonga unoratidzwa kuburikidza nezviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvekugara nhaka inocherechedzwa muzvisikwa zvakasiyana. Mienzaniso miviri yemhando yepamusoro inoratidza mutemo uyu iGuinea Nguruve nePea Plants.

1. Nguruve dzeGuinea: Kana iri guinea pigs, Mendel's Law of Dominance inoonekwa kuburikidza nenhaka yeruvara rwejachi. Kana homozygous black Guinea pig (BB) yayambuka nehomozygous white guinea pig (bb), chizvarwa cheF1 chinongosanganisira vana vatema vakasanganiswa chete. Muchiitiko ichi, dema ndirwo hunhu, ukuwo chena ndiyo inodzokororwa. Kana mahybrids aya matema (Bb) akasanganiswa, anoita kuti pave nevana vatema nevachena muchikamu che3:1. Mhedzisiro iyi inosimbisa kutonga kwemavara matema allele. Sezvineiwo, imwe chena guinea pig inobuda muchizvarwa cheF2, iyo inonzi homozygous recessive (bb).

2. Pea Plants: Mendel’s experiments with pea plants offer another illustration of the Law of Dominance. Within this context, Mendel examined various traits, including stem length, seed color, and cotyledon shape. Focusing on stem length as an example, he worked with two opposing traits: tallness and dwarfness. The homozygous alleles for tallness were represented as TT, while those for dwarfness were represented as tt. Upon fertilization, the resulting hybrid plants could have genotypes TT, Tt, or tt. The phenotypic ratio of the hybrid offspring was observed to be 3:1, while the genotypic ratio was 1:2:1.

Muchiitiko ichi, hurefu ndihwo hunhu hunotonga, huchipfuura kutaura kwehudiki. Kunyange zvazvo alleles ari maviri anobatsira kune genotype yevanhu vane heterozygous (Tt), phenotype inoramba yakareba nekuda kwekutonga kwehurefu hwehurefu. Dwarfness inongoratidzwa kana iripo mune homozygous mamiriro (tt).

Iyi mienzaniso inonyatsoratidza Mutemo waMendel weKutonga, iyo inotaura kuti mumunhu ane heterozygous anotakura alles maviri akasiyana-siyana nokuda kwechimiro, imwe allele (iyo inotonga allele) ichavhara kutaura kweimwe allele (recessive allele) pakusarudza phenotype yehupenyu. Mutemo uyu unosimbisa nheyo dzinokosha dzekugara nhaka uye wakaita basa rinokosha mukuumba kunzwisisa kwedu kwemajini.

Mimwe Mienzaniso

1. Pea Plant Ruva Ruva:
   • Ruva dzvuku rakachena (RR) x Ruva chena rakachena (rr): Kana mbeu mbiri dzepea, imwe ine maruva matsvuku uye imwe ine maruva machena, yakasanganiswa, vana vose vachava nemaruva matsvuku.
   • Dominance: Ruvara rutsvuku rwakanyanya, zvichireva kuti kunyange kana mwana akagara nhaka yejini dzvuku uye rimwe jena (Rr), richaramba richiratidza ruvara rutsvuku.
2. Pea Plant Mbeu Chimiro:
   • Round seed (RR) x Mbeu yakaunyana (rr): Kuyambuka chirimwa chine mhodzi dzakaurungana uye chirimwa chine mhodzi yakaunyana zvinoita kuti vana vese vave nembeu dzakaurungana.
   • Dominance: Chimiro chedenderedzwa ndicho chikuru pane chakaunyana, saka mahybrids (Rr) anenge aine mhodzi dzakaurungana.
3. Rudzi rweMbeu yePea:
   • Mbeu yeYero (YY) x Mbeu yegirinhi (yy): Kana chirimwa chine mhodzi yeyero chayambutswa nechirimwa chine mhodzi yegirinhi, vana vese vanozobuda vanenge vaine mhodzi yeyero.
   • Dominance: Yellow ndiyo ine ruvara rwakanyanya, saka kunyange mahybrids (Yy) anoratidza mhodzi yeyero.
4. Pea Plant Pod Shape:
   • Smooth pod (SS) x Constricted pod (ss): Muchinjikwa pakati pezvirimwa zvine mapods akatsetseka neaya ane mapods akamanikana anobereka vana vane mapodhi akatsetseka chete.
   • Dominance: Iyo yakatsetseka podhi chimiro chakanyanya, saka mahybrids (Ss) anozove nemapodhi akatsetseka.
5. Pea Chirimwa Pod Ruvara:
   • Green pod (GG) x Yero pod (gg): Kuyambuka chirimwa chakasvibira nechirimwa chine yellow-podded chinoita kuti pave nembeu ine mapods egirinhi.
   • Dominance: Green ndiyo inotonga ruvara, saka mahybrids (Gg) achave negreen pods.
6. Pea Plant Stem Length:
   • Dzinde refu (TT) x Dzinde pfupi (tt): Kana muriwo wepizi wakareba wakayambutswa nekapfupi, vana vese vanenge vakareba.
   • Dominance: Hurefu hunotonga pane hupfupi, saka mahybrids (Tt) anenge akareba.
7. Rurimi Rwokutenderera Muvanhu:
   • Vamwe vanhu vanogona kutenderedza ndimi dzavo kuita chubhu chimiro, asi vamwe havagone. Kugona uku kunotsanangurwa nemajini.
   • Dominance: Kugona kutenderedza rurimi ndiko kwanyanya. Saka, vanhu vane magene maviri makuru (RR) kana rimwe guru uye rimwe recessive gene (Rr) vanogona kupeta ndimi dzavo.
8. Earlobe Attachment muVanhu:
   • Earlobes inogona kunge yakasungirirwa zvakasununguka kana kusungirirwa zvakananga kudivi remusoro.
   • Dominance: Kuve nemahara-yakarembera earlobes inotonga pamusoro peakabatanidzwa earlobes. Vanhu vane genotype FF kana Ff vachange vaine mahara-yakarembera nzeve.
9. Chiono Muvanhu:
   • Colourblindness is a genetic mamiriro apo munhu haakwanise kusiyanisa mamwe mavara.
   • Dominance: Kuona kwakajairika kunotonga pamusoro pekusaona kwemavara. Vanhu vane genotype NN kana Nn vachave nemaonero akajairika, nepo avo vane nn vangave vasina ruvara.
10. Rudzi Rwebvudzi Muvanhu:

• Bvudzi rinogona kunge rakamonereka, rakamonereka, kana kuti rakatwasuka.
• Dominance: Bvudzi rakamonana rinotonga pamusoro pebvudzi rakatwasuka. Saka, vanhu vane genotype CC kana Cc vachange vaine bvudzi rakamonana, nepo vane cc vachange vaine bvudzi rakatwasuka.

Mune imwe neimwe yeiyi mienzaniso, hunhu hwakasimba hunovhara kuvapo kweiyo recessive hunhu mumwana wehybrid. Ichi ndicho chirevo cheMendel's Law of Dominance.

Kuganhurirwa kweMutemo waMendel weKutonga

Mutemo waMendel weKutonga ndeimwe yenheyo yemisimboti yemajini, yakatorwa kubva mukuedza kwaGregor Mendel nemiti yepea pakati pezana ramakore rechi 19. Zvinoenderana nemutemo uyu, mune heterozygous organism (chisikwa chine maallele maviri akasiyana ehunhu), imwe allele inogona kuvhara kutaura kweimwe allele. Iyo allele inovanza kutaura kweimwe inonzi ine simba, nepo iyo inovharwa ichinzi recessive.

Zvisinei, sezvo genetics yafambira mberi, zvipingamupinyi zvakawanda uye kunze kweMendel's Law of Dominance zvakaonekwa:

1. Kutonga Kusina Kukwana: Mune zvimwe zviitiko, hapana allele inokunda zvachose pane imwe. Pane kudaro, heterozygous phenotype iri pakati nepakati pakati pehomozygous phenotypes. Semuenzaniso, mu snapdragons, muchinjikwa pakati pechirimwa chine maruva matsvuku uye maruva machena-ruvara unobereka vana vane pink-flowered.
2. Codominance: Mune codominance, zvose alleles zvinoratidzwa zvakaenzana mu phenotype ye heterozygote. Muenzaniso wekare ndeweABO yeboka reropa muvanhu, uko vanhu vane IA neIB alleles vane mhando yeropa reAB, rinoratidza ese maantigen A neB.
3. Multiple Alleles: Mamwe majini ane anopfuura maviri alleles muhuwandu. Zvakare, iyo ABO yeropa boka system muenzaniso, ine matatu alleles (IA, IB, uye i) inotaridza rudzi rweropa.
4. Epistasis: Dzimwe nguva, kutaura kwejini rimwe chete kunogona kuvharidzira kana kugadzirisa kutaura kwerimwe gene. Chiitiko ichi chinonzi epistasis. Semuenzaniso, mumakonzo, jini rinogona kusarudza ruvara rwemvere, asi rimwe geni rinogona kuona kuti kana kwete fur inogadzirwa. Kana yechipiri gene ichidzivirira kugadzirwa kwehudzi, mhedzisiro yejini yekutanga haizoonekwe.
5. Polygenic Maitiro: Hunhu huzhinji hunodzorwa neanopfuura jena rimwe, apo jini rimwe nerimwe ringave nemhedzisiro shoma pane iyo phenotype yese. Aya anonzi mapolygenic maitiro. Mienzaniso inosanganisira kureba, ruvara rweganda, uye njere muvanhu.
6. Kupesvedzera Kwezvakatipoteredza: Kutaura kwemajini kunogona kukanganiswa nemamiriro ekunze. Semuenzaniso, ruvara rwehuya rweHimalayan tsuro inotarwa nekupisa. Nzvimbo dzakatonhora dzemuviri wayo (nzeve, mhino, tsoka) dzinova nerima.
7. Pleiotropy: Izvi zvinoreva mamiriro ezvinhu apo jini rimwe chete rinokanganisa zvinopfuura hunhu humwe. Semuenzaniso, muvanhu, shanduko muPKD1 gene inogona kukonzera polycystic itsvo chirwere, asi inogona kukanganisa dzimwe nhengo uye kutungamirira kune zviratidzo kunze kweitsvo.
8. Kubatanidza: Mitemo yaMendel inofunga kuti majini ese anobatana akazvimirira. Nekudaro, majini ari padhuze pachromosome imwechete anowanzogara nhaka pamwechete, chiitiko chinozivikanwa se linkage. Izvi zvinogona kukanganisa zvinotarisirwa mhedzisiro yemichinjikwa yemajini.
9. Gene Kudyidzana: Dzimwe nguva, maviri kana anopfuura majini anogona kupindirana nenzira inokanganisa phenotype. Izvi zvinogona kutungamirira kune vasiri Mendelian nhaka mapatani.
10. Penetrance uye Expressivity: Penetrance inoreva chiyero chevanhu vane imwe genotype iyo inonyatso ratidza phenotype yakabatana neiyo genotype. Expressivity ndiyo dhigirii iyo genotype inoratidzwa mumunhu. Zvose zvinogona kusiyana, zvichiita kuti mutsauko we phenotypic kutaura kunyange pakati pevanhu vane genotype yakafanana.

While Mendel’s laws laid the groundwork for the field of genetics, these exceptions and complexities show that inheritance patterns can be more intricate than what Mendel initially described.

Mienzaniso yehutongi uye hunhu hwekudzoreredza muvanhu

Hunhu hwevanhu hunosarudzwa nemubatanidzwa wemagene anogarwa nhaka kubva kuvabereki vedu. Aya majini anogona kutakura mafomu akasiyana, anozivikanwa se alleles, anogona kuve akatonga kana kudzoreredza. Hunhu hwakanyanya hunoratidzwa kana kamwechete kopi imwe yealeri inotonga iripo, nepo recessive hunhu hunongoratidzwa kana makopi maviri erecessive allele aripo.

Hunhu Hukuru:

1. Achondroplasia: Iyi imhando yehudiki hunokonzerwa neallele inotonga. Vanhu vane kopi imwe chete ye allele inotungamira vanozoratidza hunhu, zvichikonzera hupfupi uye nemakumbo asina kuenzana.
2. Albinism: Albinism idambudziko rekuti vanhu vanoshaya pigment paganda, bvudzi, uye maziso nekuda kwekusakwana. Kunyangwe kopi imwe chete yeallele inotungamira inogona kutungamira kune albinism.
3. Brachydactyly: Vanhu vane hunhu uhu vane zvigunwe zvipfupi nezvigunwe nekuda kwehukuru hwe allele. Zvinokonzera chimiro chechimiro chemaoko nemakumbo.
4. Chirwere cheHuntington: Ichi chirwere cheurourodegenerative chinokonzerwa nehuremu hwakasimba. Zvinotungamira mukusashanda zvakanaka kwemotokari, kuderera kwekuziva, uye kuvhiringidzika kwepfungwa gare gare muhupenyu.
5. Marfan Syndrome: Marfan syndrome inokonzerwa neallele inotonga uye inokanganisa matishu anobatana mumuviri. Zvinogona kukonzera kureba, mitezo mirefu, uye nyaya dzakasiyana dzemoyo.
6. Chirikadzi Peak: Rudzi rwebvudzi repamusoro rechirikadzi rinogadzira nzvimbo yakaita V pakati pehuma.
7. Bvudzi Bvudzi: Hunhu uhu hunoratidzwa nebvudzi rakakwenenzverwa nekuda kweiyo inotonga allele. Vanhu vane kopi imwe chete ye allele vachave nebvudzi iri.

Recessive Traits:

1. Cystic Fibrosis: Ichi chirwere chinotyisa chemajini chinokonzerwa nemakopi maviri erecessive allele. Iyo inokanganisa kufema uye kugaya masisitimu, zvichiita kuti mucus buildup uye matambudziko ane hukama.
2. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A recessive allele inokonzera chirwere ichi inotungamirira kune zvishoma nezvishoma kupera simba uye kurasikirwa. Chinonyanya kubata vanhurume.
3. Galactosemia: Vanhu vane maviri recessive alleles yegalactosemia havakwanise kugadzirisa galactose, shuga inowanikwa mumukaka. Izvi zvinogona kutungamirira kumatambudziko akakomba ehutano kana zvikasagadziriswa.
4. Neurofibromatosis: Munhu anoda makopi maviri erecessive allele kuti aite chirwere ichi chinoratidzwa nemamota anomera patsinga.
5. Phenylketonuria (PKU): PKU inokonzerwa nearesi maviri akarembera uye inokanganisa kugona kwemuviri kugadzirisa amino acid phenylalanine. Kana ikasarapwa, inogona kukonzera kuremara kwenjere.
6. Sickle-Cell Anemia: Uhu hunhu hunodzoreredza hunokanganisa hemoglobin, zvichiita kuti masero matsvuku eropa aite misshapen. Inopa kuramba marariya kana yakagara nhaka mukopi imwe (inozivikanwa sesickle-cell trait).
7. Chirwere cheTay-Sachs: Vanhu vane maviri recessive alleles echirwere cheTay-Sachs vanoshaya enzyme inodiwa kuputsa zvimwe zvinhu zvine mafuta muuropi uye sisitimu yetsinga, zvichikonzera kuderera kwakanyanya kwetsinga.

Muchidimbu, hunhu hwekutonga uye hwekudzoreredza muvanhu hunotemerwa nekuvapo kwealleles chaiyo. Hunhu hwakatanhamara hunoratidzwa kunyangwe kana kopi imwe chete yeallele iripo, nepo hunhu hwekudzoreredza huchida kuti makopi ese ari maviri avepo kuti ataure. Hunhu uhwu hunobatsira mukusiyana kwakasiyana-siyana kunoonekwa muhuwandu hwevanhu uye hunoita basa rakakosha mune genetics uye nhaka.

Hunhu Hunotonga	Recessive Hunhu
Achondroplasia	Cystic Fibrosis
Albino	Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Brachydactyly	galactosemia
Hosha yeHuntington	Neurofibromatosis
Marfan Syndrome	Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Chirikadzi Peak	Sickle-Cell Anemia
Bvudzi Bvudzi	Chirwere cheTay-Sachs

Chokwadi paMutemo waMendel weKutonga

1. Pioneer weGenetics: Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, is known as the “Father of Genetics.” He conducted his experiments on pea plants in the mid-19th century and formulated the laws of inheritance.
2. Basic Principle: Mutemo weKutonga unotaura kuti mumuchinjiko wevabereki wakachena pakusiyanisa hunhu, chimiro chimwe chete chehunhu chinozoonekwa muchizvarwa chinotevera. Ichi hunhu hukuru hunovhara kuvepo kweimwe, recessive hunhu.
3. Pea Plant Experiments: Mendel chose pea plants for his experiments because they have easily distinguishable characteristics, such as tall or short height, yellow or green seeds, and so on.
4. Homozygous uye Heterozygous: Kana munhu aine maalleles maviri akafanana ehunhu, iwo ari homozygous kune iwo maitiro. Kana vane maviri akasiyana alleles, ari heterozygous. Munhu ane heterozygous acharatidza hunhu hwakakosha.
5. Recessive Hunhu: Recessive maitiro haaratidzirwe pamberi pealeele inotonga. Zvinongoonekwa chete kana munhu aine makopi maviri erecessive allele (homozygous recessive).
6. Genotypic uye Phenotypic Ratios: Rini Mendel crossed two heterozygous individuals (for a particular trait), the resulting offspring had a genotypic ratio of 1:2:1 (homozygous dominant: heterozygous: homozygous recessive) and a phenotypic ratio of 3:1 (dominant trait: recessive trait).
7. Haisi Nyore Nguva Dzose: Nepo zviedzo zvaMendel zvemiti yepizi zvakaratidza hunhu hwakajeka hwekutonga uye kudzoreredza, hunhu hwakawanda muchisikigo hunokonzerwa nemajini akawanda uye hunogona kuve nehutongi husina kukwana kana codominance.
8. Mitemo mitatu yaMendel: Mutemo weDominance unongova mumwe wemitemo mitatu yenhaka yaMendel. Mamwe maviri ndiwo Mutemo wekuparadzanisa uye Mutemo wekuzvimiririra Assortment.
9. Rediscovery: Basa raMendel rakanyanya kufuratirwa munguva yehupenyu hwake. Pakanga pangove pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi20 apo masayendisiti akawanazve tsvagiridzo yake uye akaziva kukosha kwayo.
10. Mazuvano Genetics: Mitemo yaMendel yakaisa hwaro hwemunda wemajini. Nhasi, nekufambira mberi kweDNA kutevedzana uye molecular biology, masayendisiti ane kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwenhaka, asi mazano aMendel achiri kushanda kune akawanda akareruka maitiro ekuberekwa.

Basa Rekutsvagisa Razvino paMutemo waMendel weKutonga

1. Evolution yeMendelian kutonga mune gene regulatory network ine chekuita ne phenotypic robustness
   • Authors: Kenji Okubo, Kunihiko Kaneko
   • Gore Rokubudiswa: 2021
   • ngovepo: Mendelian nhaka mutemo wakakosha wemajini. Tsvagiridzo iyi inokurukura nezve shanduko yekutonga mumageneti ekudzora majeneti, kunyanya muzviitiko zvinopfuura zvechinyakare mepu imwe-kune-imwe. Chidzidzo ichi chinoburitsa kuti hutongi hunogona kuwanikwa kunyangwe mune yakaoma gene regulatory network uye inosanganiswa nekuwedzera kusimba kunopesana nejenome musanganiswa panguva meiosis.
   • Batanidza kune bepa
2. Yakakosha heterosis pane hybridization
   • Gore Rokubudiswa: 2021
   • ngovepo: Pepa rino rinokurukura nezvekunzwisisa kwemajini eheterosis zvichitevera kuwanikwazve kwemitemo yaMendel muna 1900. Rinoongorora tsananguro dzemajini dzekuwedzera heterozygosity mumahybrids uye dominance hypothesis, iyo inoratidza kuti mahybrids akasimba nekuti majini anoregedzera kubva kune mumwe mubereki anowanzovanzwa. nemajeni makuru kubva kune imwe.
   • Batanidza kune bepa
3. Iyo genetic architecture yechibage progenitor, teosinte, uye kuti yakashandurwa sei panguva yekurima chibage.
   • Authors: Qiuyue Chen, Luis Fernando Samayoa, Chin Jian Yang, nevamwe.
   • Gore Rokubudiswa: 2020
   • ngovepo: Tsvagiridzo iyi inoongorora majini ekupfuwa, kunyanya kutarisa chibage nemadzitateguru acho, teosinte. Ongororo iyi yakacherekedza huwandu hwakadzikiswa hweQTL muchibage zvichienzaniswa neteosinte uye hutongi hwepamusoro muchibage, zvichida nekuda kwekubviswa kwezvimwe zvakasiyana panguva yekurima.
   • Batanidza kune bepa

Mendel's Law of Dominance Worksheet

1. Tsanangudzo: a. Anotonga Allele: _________________ b. Recessive Allele: ______________________________
2. Chokwadi kana Nhema: a. A allele inotonga inogara ichiratidzwa mune phenotype. () b. Recessive alleles inogona kuratidzwa chete kana makopi maviri aripo. () c. Kana chipenyu chine maaleles maviri makuru echimwe chimiro, hachizoratidzi hunhu ihwohwo. ()
3. Zadza MaBlanks: a. Mumiti yepizi, goko rezvirimwa zvirefu (T) i _________ pamusoro pezvinomera zvipfupi (t). b. Chipenyu chine genotype Tt chichava ne _________ phenotype. c. Chipenyu chine genotype tt chichava ne _________ phenotype.
4. Match the Genotype to the Phenotype: a. TT – _________ b. Tt – _________ c. tt – _________Sarudzo: i. Kureba ii. Pfupi
5. Muenzaniso: Muhuwandu hwemaruva, ruvara rutsvuku (R) runotonga pamusoro peruvara ruchena (r) .a. Chii chinonzi phenotype yeruva rine genotype Rr? _______________ b. Chii chinonzi phenotype yeruva rine genotype rr? __________________ c. Kana maruva maviri eRr akayambuka, ndeipi mukana wekuti vana vavo vachave vachena? ____________________

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Mhinduro:

1. a. An allele inotaura pachayo kunyangwe kana kopi imwe chete iripo. b. Chirevo chinogona kuzviratidza chete kana makopi maviri aripo.
2. a. Chokwadi b. Chokwadi c. Nhema
3. a. Anotonga b. Kureba c. Pfupi
4. a. Kureba b. Kureba c. Pfupi
5. a. Tsvuku b. Muchena c. 25%

---

FAQ

References

1. Mendelian nhaka mumunhu: Rondedzero yemajini evanhu uye genetic kusagadzikana.
   • Authors: VA McKusick
   • Gore Rokubudiswa: 1998
   • ngovepo: Iri pepa rinopa bhuku rakazara remajini evanhu uye kusakanganiswa kwemajini, kusimbisa maitiro enhaka yeMendelian.
   • Batanidza kune bepa
2. Mendel's legacy: Kwakatangira classical genetics.
   • Authors: J. Sapp
   • Gore Rokubudiswa: 2002
   • ngovepo: Iri bepa rinotarisa kune kwakabva classical genetics, ichitsvaga kumashure kune yekutanga basa raMendel.
   • Batanidza kune bepa
3. Mendel in the kitchen: A scientist’s view of genetically modified foods.
   • Authors: N. Fedoroff, N. Brown
   • Gore Rokubudiswa: 2004
   • ngovepo: Vanyori vanopa maonero esainzi pamusoro pezvikafu zvakagadziridzwa, zvichireva misimboti yaMendel.
   • Batanidza kune bepa
4. Mendel's principles of heredity.
   • Authors: W. Bateson
   • Gore Rokubudiswa: 1909
   • ngovepo: Bhuku rekare rinokurukura misimboti yaMendel yenhaka zvakadzama.
   • Batanidza kune bepa
5. Mutsara waMendel.
   • Authors: S. Mawer
   • Gore Rokubudiswa: 1997
   • ngovepo: Iri bepa rinoongorora zvinorehwa nebasa raMendel pa dwarfism uye geneti yayo.
   • Batanidza kune bepa
6. Kupikisa kwaMendel kune evolution uye kuna Darwin.
   • Authors: R. Olby
   • Gore Rokubudiswa: 1966
   • ngovepo: Bepa rinokurukura maonero aMendel pamusoro pekushanduka-shanduka uye kusawirirana kwake nedzidziso dzaDarwin.
   • Batanidza kune bepa
7. Mitemo yaMendel yenhaka uye Watson-Crick DNA modhi: Kubatanidza madotsi.
   • Authors: JD Watson, FH Crick
   • Gore Rokubudiswa: 2003
   • ngovepo: Vanyori vanobatanidza mitemo yaMendel nekunzwisisa kwemazuva ano kweDNA, kudhirowa kufanana pakati pezviviri.
   • Batanidza kune bepa
8. Zviedzo zvaMendel: kududzirazve.
   • Authors: RC Olby
   • Gore Rokubudiswa: 1966
   • ngovepo: Iri bepa rinopa maonero matsva pamusoro pekuedza kwaMendel, achidudzira zvakare zvaakawana maererano nemajini emazuva ano.
   • Batanidza kune bepa
9. Mendel and modern genetics: The legacy for today.
   • Authors: ER Sears
   • Gore Rokubudiswa: 1963
   • ngovepo: Munyori anokurukura nezve mhedzisiro yebasa raMendel pane zvemazuva ano genetics uye zvarinoreva patsvagiridzo yemazuva ano.
   • Batanidza kune bepa
10. Dzidziso yaMendel yenhaka.
    • Authors: H. Iltis
    • Gore Rokubudiswa: 1932
    • ngovepo: Iri bepa rinotarisa mudzidziso yaMendel yenhaka, richikurukura misimboti yayo yekutanga nezvainoreva.
    • Batanidza kune bepa
11. https://unacademy.com/content/neet-ug/study-material/biology/law-of-dominance/
12. https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/law-of-dominance
13. https://rwu.pressbooks.pub/bio103/chapter/mendelian-genetics/

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