Human Papillomavirus (HPV) - Tsanangudzo, Chimiro, Genome, Replication, Pathogenesis, Kurapa

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

• Utachiona hwehuman papillomavirus (HPV infection) hunokonzerwa nePapillomaviridae DNA virus. Zvizhinji zvehutachiona hweHPV hazvina asymptomatic, uye 90% yavo inogadzirisa yega mukati memakore maviri.
• Mune zvimwe zviitiko, hutachiona hweHPV hunoramba huchiitika mune chero warts kana precancerous maronda. Zvichienderana nenzvimbo yakakanganisika, maronda aya anosimudza mukana wekervix, vulva, Genital passage, peni, anus, muromo, tonsils, kana gomarara repahuro.
• Mhando mbiri dzeHPV, HPV16 neHPV18, dzinotora chikamu chinosvika makumi manomwe kubva muzana chekenza dzegomarara remuchibereko. Inenge 70% yeHPV-positive oropharyngeal malignancies inokonzerwa neHPV90. HPV yakabatana pakati pe16 ne60 muzana yezvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvakanyorwa pamusoro. Zvikonzero zvinowanzoitika zvegital warts uye laryngeal papillomatosis iHPV90 neHPV6.
• Human papillomavirus, hutachiona hweDNA kubva kumhuri yepapillomavirus, inokonzera hutachiona hweHPV. Around 170 marudzi akatsanangurwa.
• Mhando dzakawanda dzeHPV dzinogona kubata munhu mumwechete,[9] uye chirwere ichi chinozivikanwa kuti chinobata vanhu chete. Anopfuura makumi mana mafomu eherpes anogona kutapurirwa nekusangana pabonde uye kutapurira anus uye nhengo dzesikarudzi.
• Zera rekutanga kusangana pabonde, vanogara vachisangana pabonde, kuputa fodya, uye kukanganisa immune system zvinhu zvine njodzi yekuramba uchibatwa nezvirwere zvepabonde.
• Mhando idzi dzinonyanya kutapuriranwa nekubata-ganda kwenguva refu, neGenital passage uye Rectal kusangana pabonde ndidzo nzira dzinonyanyozivikanwa.
• Panguva yekuzvitakura, hutachiona hweHPV hunogona kutamisa kubva kuna amai kuenda kumwana. Hapana humbowo hwekuti HPV inogona kupararira kuburikidza nezvinhu zvemazuva ese sezvigaro zvechimbuzi; zvisinei, mhando dzeHPV dzinoburitsa warts dzinogona kupararira nepamusoro senge pasi.
• Mawoko sanitizer uye disinfectants haashande kurwisa HPV, izvo zvinowedzera mukana wekutapurirwa hutachiona kuburikidza nehutachiona husingararame hunozivikanwa semafomites.

Chimiro cheHuman Papillomavirus (HPV)

• HPV utachiona hudiki husina kuputirwa hune twuviri-tambo dzakavharika DNA genome.
• Iyo inosanganiswa nehistone-like mapuroteni uye inodzivirirwa necapsid inoumbwa nemapuroteni maviri anonoka, L1 uye L2.
• Iyo capsid inoumbwa ne72 capsomeres, imwe neimwe inoumbwa neshanu monomeric units inobatana kuita pentamer inoenderana nehombe protein capsid, L1.
• Iyo L1 pentamers inogoverwa kugadzira network yeintra- uye interpentameric disulfide kudyidzana iyo inoshanda kudzikamisa iyo capsid.
• Iwo madiki capsid mapuroteni, L2 protein, ane angangoita 75kDa aripo mukati mevirion.
• Kuti uunganidze iyo viral capsid, mapentamers anobatana nemakopi eL2 anovhara pakati peimwe pentavalent capsomere.
• Imwe neimwe virion ine 72 makopi eL1 uye inoshanduka nhamba yemakopi eL2, ichigadzira chidimbu chine icosahedra symmetry uye ingangoita 50 kusvika 60 nm mudhayamita.

Genome Structure yeHuman Papillomavirus (HPV)

• Iyo HPV genome idenderedzwa, ine tambo mbiri yeDNA molecule ine 8000 base pairs uye yakatenderedza masere akavhurika mafuremu ekuverenga (ORFs).
• Iyo HPV genome yakakamurwa kuita matunhu matatu: isina kukodha kumusoro kwerukova regulatory dunhu (URR) kana kureba control dunhu (LCR), dunhu rekutanga (E) ine matanhatu ORFs ayo encode asiri-akaumbwa mapuroteni anobatanidzwa mukudzokororwa kwehutachiona uye oncogenesis, uye kunonoka. (L) dunhu rinokodha iyo L1 uye L2 mapuroteni echimiro.
• Nzvimbo yeLCR inokura muhukuru pakati pe800-900 pb uye inomiririra inenge 10% yejenome. Iyo inosiyana zvakanyanya mukuumbwa kwenucleotide pakati pemhando dzeHPV.
• Chidzitiro chimwe chete cheDNA yakasungwa kaviri chinoshandiswa se template yevhairasi gene expression, kukodha kune akati wandei polycistronic mRNA zvinyorwa.
• Viral gene expression yakaoma uye inodzorwa neserura uye hutachiona hwekunyora zvinhu. Mazhinji emutemo anoitika mukati medunhu reLCR, iro rine cis-inoshanda element transcription regulators.
• Iwo manyorerwo ekutanga masayiti evanokurudzira hutachiona anosiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwehutachiona, asi kushandiswa kwekusimudzira kunoenderana nekeratinocyte-inotsamira.
• Mabviro ekudzokorodza uye akawanda ekunyora ekudzora zvinhu anowanikwa munzvimbo yepamusoro yeLCR. Hutachiona hwekutanga kusimudzira, mutsauko-unovimba akanonoka kusimudzira, uye maviri polyadenylation masiginecha anotsanangura mapoka matatu akajairwa ejene rehutachiona anodzorwa zvakarongeka panguva yekusiyanisa masero.
• Iwo E6 uye E7 majini anochengetedza kugona kudzokorora. E1 E2, E4, E5, uye E8 inobatanidzwa muhutachiona DNA replication, transcriptal control, kupfuura mamwe mabasa anonoka, uye L1 neL2, inokonzera kuungana kwehutachiwana.
• Kudzorwa kwekutaura kwemajini ekupedzisira mune genital HPVs haina kunyatsonzwisiswa. Zvisinei, zvakaratidzwa kuti wechipiri, kana kuti gare gare, mutsigiri anotangwa nenzira yakasiyana-siyana uye inogadziriswa chete kana masero akura mumutsara wekugadzirisa / kusiyanisa.
• Kuita kweanozosimudzira anoperekedzwa nekukasira kwevhairasi DNA replication uye yakakwira mazinga ehutachiona hweprotein kutaura. Nekuda kweizvozvo, nhamba yekukopa hutachiona hunowedzera kubva pamakumi mashanu kusvika kuzviuru zvakati zvemakopi pasero.
• Kana iyo inosimudzira gare gare ikamiswa, kutaura kwemajini encoding mapuroteni eL1 uye L2 anoitika, ayo anobatana kuunganidza macapsids uye kugadzira virions.

Mabasa evhavha mapuroteni

Protein	basa
E1	Viral DNA replication
E2	Kudzora kwehutachiona kunyorwa, DNA replication, uye kupatsanurwa kwehutachiona genomes
E4	Favour uye tsigira iyo HPV genome amplification; gadzirisa kutaura kwemajini anonoka; kudzora kukura kwehutachiona; fambisa kusunungurwa kwemavirioni
E5	Kuvandudza basa rekushandura E6 uye E7; kukurudzira kusanganiswa pakati pemasero, kuunza aneuploidy uye kusagadzikana kwechromosomal; kubatsira mukunzvenga mhinduro dzemuviri
E6	Kusunga uye kuderedza tumor-suppressor protein p53, inhibiting apoptosis; kupindirana nemapuroteni emugadziro wekuzvidzivirira kwemuviri, zvichiita kuti kudzivirirwa kwezvirwere uye kuramba kwehutachiona; shandisa kutaura kwe telomerase
E7	Kusunga uye kuderedza tumor-suppressor protein pRB; kuwedzera cdk basa; kukanganisa kutaura kweS phase genes nekubatana zvakananga neE2F zvinhu uye ne histone deacetylases; kukonzeresa kushivirira mucytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) uye kudzikisira kutaura kweTLR9, zvichikonzera kudzivirira kwekudzivirira kwemuviri.
L1	Major capsid protein; ine chirevo chikuru chinodiwa kuti chibatanidzwe kune cell surface receptors; yakanyanya immunogenic uye ine conformational epitopes inokurudzira kugadzirwa kwe neutralizing mhando-chaiwo masoja ekudzivirira chirwere anorwisa hutachiona.
L2	Minor capsid protein; inobatsira pakusungirirwa kwevirion mu cell receptor, inofarira kutora kwayo, kutakura kune nucleus, uye kuendeswa kwehutachiona hweDNA kunzvimbo dzekudzokorora; inobatsira kurongedza kwehutachiona hweDNA kuita capsids, pamwe neE2

Epidemiology yeHuman Papillomavirus (HPV) 

Kune anopfuura zana nemakumi masere akasiyana eHPV akaonekwa. Mamwe masubtypes, anosanganisira 180, 1, 2, 4, uye 27, anozivikanwa kuti anokonzera matinji pamaoko netsoka, ayo anopararira kuburikidza neganda-ku-ganda kana kubata nezvinhu zvine utachiona. Subtypes 57 uye 6 inoiswa seyakaderera-njodzi HPV uye inowanzo konzera anogenital warts, pamwe nepwere uye yevakuru inodzokororwa yekufema papillomatosis.

Kune rumwe rutivi, subtypes 16 uye 18 inoonekwa seyakanyanya-ngozi yeHPV, uye ndiyo inonyanya kukonzeresa maronda uye kenza mumuromo wechibereko, nzvimbo dzeanogenital muvarume nevakadzi, uye nzvimbo yeoropharyngeal. Pamusoro pezvo, subtypes 31, 33, 35, 45, 52, uye 58 zvakare akaiswa munjodzi huru yeHPV uye inosanganiswa nekukura kwegomarara remuchibereko.

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kunyangwe kusangana pabonde iriyo nzira yekutanga kutapurirana kune ese ari pasi-panjodzi uye ane njodzi yakanyanya HPV, kufambidzana kwepedyo kunogona zvakare kutapurira hutachiona. Ongororo dzichangobva kuitwa neCenter for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) dzinoratidza kuti kuwanda kweHPV muvakuru vane makore 18 kusvika 59 kunosvika 45.2% muvarume uye 39.9% muvakadzi. Genital HPV utachiona pari zvino ndiyo inonyanya kupararira hutachiona hwepabonde muUnited States uye pasi rose.

Kutapurirwa kweHuman Papillomavirus (HPV)

• Human papillomavirus (HPV) inonyanya kutapurirwa kuburikidza neganda-ku-ganda kusangana, kazhinji panguva yekuita zvepabonde.
• Nekudaro, HPV inogona zvakare kutapurirwa kuburikidza nedzimwe nzira dzepedyo, sekubata nzvimbo ine hutachiona kana kugovera matauro kana zvimwe zvinhu nemunhu ane hutachiona.
• HPV inogona kutapuriranwa kunyangwe munhu ane hutachiona akasaratidza zviratidzo kana zviratidzo zvehutachiona. Zvakakosha kuita bonde rakachengetedzeka uye kubaiwa nhomba yeHPV kuderedza njodzi yekutapurirana nekuvandudzwa kwematambudziko ehutano anoenderana.

Kudzokorora kweHuman Papillomavirus (HPV)/Replicative Cycle yeHPVs

Schematic mufananidzo weHPV inotapukira yekupinda nzira mumakeratinocytes, ichiratidza basa reRab-GTPases mukutengesa kweHPV.

1. Step 1: HPV virions inosunga extracellular matrix (ECM), membrane yepasi, uye/kana membrane yeplasma nenzira yeHSPGs (yakadai se syndecan-1) uye laminin-332 (LN332).
2. Step 2: Mavirioni anonamirwa anogadziriswa neanotambira enzymes, akasunungurwa kubva muplasma membrane kana extracellular matrix (ECM), uye anoendeswa kune tetraspanin-inopfumisa microdomain inochengetera putative uptake receptor complex (semuenzaniso, CD151, CD63, integrins, A2t, EGFR, nezvimwewo) . Zvinotendwa kuti kubatwa kwehutachiona kunoitika ne (danho 2i) receptor-mediated endocytosis uye (nhanho 2ii) maitiro akafanana ne macropinocytosis, iyo inorondedzerwa se clathrin-, caveolin-, dynamin-, cholesterol-, flotillin-, uye lipid raft- kuzvimiririra.
3. Step 3: Kupinda kunobatsirwa neactin polymerization uye kugadzirisa zvakare kunosanganisira CD151, CD63, adapter mapuroteni (akadai seOBSCL1 uye syntenin-1), A2t, uye TRAPPC8, zvichikonzera virion localization kuEE.
4. Step 4: Zvinotendwa kuti hutachiona hwekugara kune EE hunoenderana neCD63 uye Rab5 uye yakabatana neiyo acidity yeEE.
5. Step 5: Endosomal tubulation inobva yatangwa nekugadzirwa kwekubatana kweER kuburikidza neVAP yakaoma. Iyo acidity yeEE inoparadzanisa iyo viral capsid, ichiburitsa hutachiona genome pamwe chete neL2. EE inogona kukudziridza kuita kudzokorodza endosomes (danho 5i) kana LE/MVB (danho 5ii). Shanduko yeRab yakabatana ne endosomal maturation uye inotsanangura basa reRab (nhanho 5i,5ii; ona zvinyorwa kuti uwane ruzivo).
6. Step 6: γ-secretase inotsemura intraluminal L2 kuratidza iyo L2 cell-inopinda peptide (CPP) uye transmembrane domain. Recycling endosomes, ayo asingazivikanwe kuti ane chekuita neHPV intracellular trafficking, anogadzirwa neMVB kuronga maitiro (danho 6i).
7. Nhanho 7i: L2 membrane kupinda uye cytosolic domain exposure inoguma mukutora kweiyo retromer yakaoma. Retromer uye Rabs 6a, 7b, uye 9a vanobatanidzwa mukutakura kweL2 / vDNA kuenda kuTGN. Chikamu cheprotein yeL1 chinotakurwa kuenda kune lysosome yekuputsika (danho 7ii).
8. Nhanho 8): L2-ine vesicles inogadzirwa kubva kuGolgi interface ine microtubules kuburikidza neL2 domains, zvichiita kuti Rab6a-inotsamira kutakurwa kwevDNA vesicles kune mitotic nucleus, uko L2 / vDNA complex inowana mukana kune miviri ye PML.
9. Step 9: Mushure mezvo, zvinyorwa zvekare zvehutachiona zvinoshandurwa kuita zvigadzirwa zvemajini ekutanga, senge E2, inosunga vDNA kumakromosomes emitotic.
10. Step 10: Kugarisana kune mitotic chromosome kunogonesa kusikwa nekuchengetedza vDNA mukukamura maseru nekupa vDNA kuwana kune cellular transcription uye kudzokorora muchina.

Pathogenesis yeHuman Papillomavirus (HPV)

• HPV madiki, asina kuputirwa, ane tambo mbiri mavhairasi eDNA anogona kukanganisa mucosal uye cutaneous epithelial masero. Mafuremu masere ekuverenga akavhurika akaiswa muHPV genome (ORFs).
• Iwo maORF anoumbwa nematunhu matatu anoshanda: yekutanga (E) dunhu, yanonoka (L) dunhu, uye iyo isina kodhi dunhu kana kureba control region (LCR). Iyo E dunhu majini encode mapuroteni E1-E7 akakosha pakudzokorora kwehutachiona uye anobatsira pathogenesis yehutachiona.
• Capsid mapuroteni L1 uye L2 akaiswa encoded nemajini enzvimbo yeL, ayo akakosha pakusangana kwehutachiona. Uyezve, majini eLCR akakosha pakudzokorora uye kunyorwa kwehutachiona hweDNA uye kuve nekutyisa kune epithelial masero.
• HPV inogona kutapurira epithelial masero kuburikidza nekubatana ne cell surface receptors senge integrin 6, iyo inoratidzirwa zvakanyanya mumaseru ebasal uye epithelial stem masero. Nekudaro, hutachiona hune nhamba yakaderera yekopi hunogona kutapurira primitive basal cells. Pakarepo mushure mekutapukirwa kwenzvimbo uye hutachiona hweDNA kudzokororwa, huwandu hwehutachiona mukati mesero hunokwira kusvika pamakumi mashanu kusvika zana makopi.
• Kuti uite papillomavirus DNA replication, zvose E1 uye E2 mapuroteni anodiwa. Pakutanga, E1 se dimer uye E2 se dimer inosunga kune mavambo ehutachiona, zvichiita kuti pave nekugadzirwa kweE1-E2 ternary complex iyo inodzivisa kusungirirwa kusina kujeka kweE1-DNA.
• Iyi yakaoma inoshanda setemplate yekumwe kusungirirwa kwema molecular eE1 neE2 uye kusangana kweE1 kaviri-trimer yepakati. Mukupedzisira, kaviri-hexameric E1 helicases ine ATPase chiitiko inoungana, iyo inokwanisa kusunungura DNA uye kupindirana necellular DNA replication zvinhu.
• Munguva yese yeplasmid uye episomal kuchengetedza, viral gene expression inogumira. Munguva yakajairika yehupenyu hweHPV, kutaura kweakawanda hutachiona oncogenes, kusanganisira iyo E6 uye E7 mapuroteni, inodzorwa zvakasimba.
• Mukuwedzera, kutaura kwemajini ehutachiona kunokwidziridzwa zvakanyanya apo masero ane utachiona anopinda muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemasero, izvo zvinosanganiswa nekukura kwemasero. Munguva yehutachiona hweDNA kudzokororwa, kune angangoita chiuru makopi ehutachiona pasero, uye aya mavirioni anosimudzira kugadzirwa kweL1 neL2 capsid mapuroteni pamwe nekuungana kwehutachiona hwehutachiona.
• Hunhu hwehupenyu hweHPV hunoita basa rakakosha mukudzivirira kucherechedzwa kwe immune system uye hutachiona hwehutachiona. Hupenyu hweHPV hunosiyaniswa neiyo nonlytic immunity yemasero ane hutachiona uye kusavapo kwe viremia uye zviratidzo zvekuzvimba.

Makiriniki Manifestations eHuman Papillomavirus (HPV)

• Genital warts: Izvi ndezvimwe zvezvinowanzoonekwa zvekliniki zviratidzo zveHPV. Anogona kuita semapundu madiki, akasimudzwa, enyama-ruvara kana greyi panhengo yesikarudzi, kusanganisira mboro, scrotum, anus, vulva, Genital passage, uye cervix. Genital warts inogona kunge isina kuroorwa kana kuwanda, uye inogona kunge yakati sandara kana kuti cauliflower-yakafanana nechitarisiko.
• Cervical dysplasia: Utachiona hweHPV hunogona kukonzera shanduko dzisina kujairika mumaseru emuchibereko, inova chikamu chezasi chechibereko chinobatana neGenital passage. Shanduko idzi dzinogona kunge dzakapfava, dzine mwero, kana dzakanyanya, uye dzinozivikanwa secervical dysplasia. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, cervical dysplasia inogona kufambira mberi kune kenza yekervical kana ikasiyiwa isina kurapwa.
• Cervical cancer: Utachiona hweHPV idambudziko guru regomarara remuromo wechibereko, rinova rechina rinowanikwa nevanhukadzi pasi rose. Chirwere chegomarara remuchibereko chinogona kukonzera zviratidzo zvakaita sekubuda ropa kusiri kujairika, kurwadziwa panguva yebonde, kana kurwadziwa kwepelvic, asi kazhinji hachikonzerese zviratidzo kusvika chakura.
• Tsika gomarara: Utachiona hweHPV hunogonawo kukonzera gomarara remukumbo, rinova iro buri pakupera kwegumbo rekudya iro chituru chinobuda kunze kwemuviri. Rectal cancer inogona kukonzera zviratidzo senge Rectal kubuda ropa, kurwadziwa, kukwenya, kana kubuda.
• Mamwe magomarara: Pamusoro pegomarara remuchibereko neRectal, hutachiona hweHPV hunogonawo kukonzera mamwe marudzi egomarara, kusanganisira gomarara resikarudzi, vulva, Genital passage, oropharynx (pakati pehuro kuseri kwemuromo), uye matonsi.

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti havasi vanhu vese vane hutachiona hweHPV vanozogadzira zviratidzo zvekiriniki, uye kuti vanhu vazhinji vanogona kunge vaine HPV vasingatombozviziva. Kugara uchiongororwa gomarara remuromo wechibereko kunokurudzirwa kuvakadzi vanotangira pamakore makumi maviri nerimwe, uye kubaiwa kweHPV kunokurudzirwa kuvakomana nevasikana kutanga pamakore gumi nerimwe kana gumi nemaviri.

Kuongororwa kweHuman Papillomavirus (HPV)

Kuongorora hutachiona hweHuman Papillomavirus (HPV) kunosanganisira nzira dzinoverengeka, dzinosanganisira:

• Pap smear: Muenzaniso wemaseru unotorwa kubva kumuromo wechibereko woongororwa nemaikorosikopu kuti uone maseru asina kujairika. Kana masero asina kujairika awanikwa, sampuli inogona kuongororwa HPV.
• HPV DNA kuongororwa: Muenzaniso wemaseru kubva kumuromo wechibereko unoongororwa kuti une HPV DNA here.
• Colposcopy: Kuongororwa kwemuromo wechibereko uchishandisa colposcope, inova mudziyo wakakosha unobvumira mupi wehutano kuti aone chero nzvimbo dzisiri dzepamuromo wechibereko zvakajeka.
• Biopsy: Kana masero asina kujairika awanikwa panguva yekuongororwa kwePap kana colposcopy, chidimbu chidiki chetishu chinogona kutorwa kubva kumuromo wechibereko kunoongororwa nemaikorosikopu.
• HPV genotyping: Muedzo uyu unogona kuona kuti ndedzipi mhando kana mhando dzeHPV dziripo mumuenzaniso.
• HPV mRNA kuongororwa: Muedzo uyu unogona kuona kuvepo kwehutachiwana hweRNA, chinova chiratidzo chehutachiona hweHPV.

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti hapana ongororo yenguva dzose yekuona HPV muvarume, uye kuongororwa HPV mumuromo kana pahuro haisi tsika. Muzviitiko apo munhu ane warts anooneka, mupi wehutano anogona kukwanisa kuongorora hutachiona zvichienderana nekuonekwa chete.

Kurapa kweHPV

Iko hakuna chaiyo kurapwa kunowanikwa kwehutachiona hweHPV pachayo. Nekudaro, kurapwa kunotevera kunogona kubatsira kubata zviratidzo uye zvine hukama matambudziko ehutano anokonzerwa neHPV:

1. Topical mishonga: Mimwe mishonga yemumusoro senge imiquimod uye podophyllin inogona kubatsira kurapa warts dzakakonzerwa nemamwe marudzi eHPV.
2. Maitiro ekuvhiya: Maitiro ekuvhiya senge cryotherapy, electrocautery, uye laser therapy inogona kubatsira kubvisa warts kana precancerous maronda.
3. Monitoring: Pamwe pacho, utachiona hweHPV hunogona kupera hwega pasina kurapwa. Kunyatsotarisa nzvimbo ine utachiona inogona kukurudzirwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro.
4. dziviriro: Vaccines are available to protect against certain types of HPV that can cause genital warts and cervical cancer. Safe sex practices like using condoms can also help prevent the transmission of HPV.

Vaccination yeHPV

• Vaccination: Kudzivirira kweHPV kunokurudzirwa kune vose varume nevakadzi vasati vatanga kuita zvepabonde, sezvo inonyanya kushanda vasati vasangana nehutachiona.
• Kuita zvepabonde zvakachengeteka: Kushandisa kondomu kunogona kuderedza njodzi yekutapurirwa HPV, asi hakupe dziviriro yakakwana sezvo hutachiona hunogona kunge huri munzvimbo dzisina kuvharwa nekondomu.
• Nguva dzose kuongorora: Kugara uchivhenekwa gomarara remuromo wechibereko muvanhukadzi, kuburikidza nePap bvunzo kana HPV, kunogona kuona nekurapa shanduko isati yave negomarara mumuromo wechibereko isati yapinda mugomarara.
• Kurumidza kurapwa: Kurumidza kurapwa kwegital warts uye precancerous shanduko mumuromo wechibereko zvinogona kuderedza njodzi yekuenderera kugomarara.
• dzidzo: Kuzivisa nezvenjodzi dzeutachiona hweHPV, kukosha kwejekiseni, uye kuita zvepabonde zvisina njodzi zvinogona kubatsira kudzivirira kupararira kweutachiona.

FAQ

References

• Fernandes, Jos & Fernandes, Thales. (2012). Human Papillomavirus: Biology uye Pathogenesis. 10.5772/27154.
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