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Human Skin Microbiome – Normal Flora of Skin, Hair, and Nail
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May 12, 2025
Human Skin Microbiome – Normal Flora of Skin, Hair, and Nail In this enlightening video, we delve into the fascinating world of the human skin microbiome, exploring the diverse array of microorganisms that inhabit our skin, hair, and nails. We will discuss the concept of normal flora, its critical role in maintaining skin health, and how these microbial communities contribute to our overall well-being. Viewers will gain insights into the balance of beneficial bacteria and the potential consequences of dysbiosis. Join us as we uncover the intricate relationships between our skin and its microbiome, and learn how to support a healthy skin ecosystem. #SkinMicrobiome #NormalFlora #MicrobialHealth Website: https://biologynotesonline.com/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/biologynotesonline Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/biologynotesonline/?hl=en normal microbial flora of human body in hindi,#normal microbial flora of human body in hindi,normal microbial flora of human body,normal microbial flora of human eyes,normal microbial flora of human body -2,#normal microbial flora of human penis,#normal microbial flora of skin,normal microflora of human body,#normal microbiota of the human body,normal flora of skin,normal microflora of skin,#normal microbial flora in urdu,normal microbial flora,human microbiome
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0:01
welcome to our exploration of the skin
0:03
microbiome the skin microbiome is
0:05
defined as a stable community of
0:07
microorganisms living on human body
0:09
surfaces without causing harm under
0:12
normal conditions these microbes include
0:14
bacteria fungi and other microorganisms
0:17
that have evolved to live in harmony
0:19
with
0:20
humans to understand the skin microbiome
0:23
let's look at the structure of our skin
0:26
the microbiome primarily resides on the
0:28
epidermis the outermost layer of skin
0:31
these microorganisms form a diverse
0:33
ecosystem on our skin
0:35
surface it's important to emphasize that
0:37
the skin microbiome is a natural and
0:40
beneficial ecosystem rather than
0:41
something to be
0:43
eliminated to summarize the skin
0:46
microbiome is a diverse community of
0:48
microorganisms that lives in harmony
0:50
with our skin providing important
0:52
benefits as a natural part of human
0:54
biology
0:56
now that we understand what the skin
0:58
microbiome is we can explore its
1:00
ecological functions in more detail the
1:02
skin microbiome serves four essential
1:05
ecological functions that help maintain
1:07
skin health these include occupying
1:10
ecological niches competitive inhibition
1:12
producing antimicrobial molecules and
1:15
maintaining immune
1:17
balance the first critical function is
1:19
occupying ecological niches beneficial
1:22
microbes colonize the skin surface
1:24
preventing harmful pathogens from
1:25
finding space to attach like filling all
1:28
available seats at a table beneficial
1:31
microbes leave no space for harmful
1:33
pathogens to
1:34
settle the second function is
1:36
competitive inhibition beneficial
1:39
microbes compete with harmful ones for
1:41
essential resources like nutrients water
1:44
and oxygen by consuming available
1:46
resources beneficial microbes
1:48
effectively starve potential pathogens
1:51
making it difficult for them to survive
1:53
and
1:54
multiply the third function is the
1:56
production of antimicrobial molecules
1:59
many beneficial skin microbes naturally
2:01
produce substances that directly inhibit
2:04
or kill potential
2:06
pathogens these natural antibiotics
2:08
include bacterioins fatty acids and
2:11
antimicrobial peptides they form a
2:14
chemical shield that helps protect the
2:15
skin from harmful
2:17
invaders the fourth function is
2:20
maintaining immune balance the skin
2:22
microbiome actively communicates with
2:24
our immune system beneficial microbes
2:27
signal to immune cells helping train the
2:29
immune system to distinguish between
2:31
harmful invaders and normal skin
2:33
residents this communication helps
2:35
maintain a balanced immune response
2:38
preventing excessive inflammation while
2:40
still protecting against genuine
2:43
threats to summarize the skin microbiome
2:46
performs four critical ecological
2:48
functions occupying niches to prevent
2:51
pathogen attachment competing with
2:53
harmful microbes for resources producing
2:55
protective antimicrobial molecules and
2:58
maintaining balanced immune responses
3:01
gram positive bacteria are the most
3:03
abundant microbes found on human skin
3:06
they're characterized by their thick
3:07
cell wall that retains a violet dye
3:10
during gram staining let's examine the
3:13
five main types of gram positive
3:15
bacteria that dominate the skin
3:19
microbiome stafylocus is a common
3:21
grapositive bacterium on the skin
3:24
spherical bacteria that typically form
3:26
grape-like clusters found on all skin
3:28
surfaces particularly in oily areas
3:31
streptoccus is a common gram positive
3:33
bacterium on the skin spherical bacteria
3:36
arranged in chains commonly found in the
3:38
mouth and on moist skin surfaces
3:41
microcus is a common gram positive
3:43
bacterium on the skin spherical bacteria
3:46
arranged in tetrads found on dry skin
3:48
surfaces and can withstand harsh
3:50
conditions corinabacterium is a common
3:53
gram positive bacterium on the skin
3:55
club-shaped rod bacteria predominate in
3:58
moist areas like the armpit and groin
4:00
regions propionabacterium is a common
4:02
grandpositive bacterium on the skin
4:04
pleomorphic rod-shaped bacteria thrive
4:07
in sebaceous oily areas and hair
4:09
follicles key in acne formation
4:11
different gram positive bacteria
4:13
dominate different areas of the body
4:15
oily areas like the scalp and back host
4:18
propion bacterium while moist areas like
4:20
armpits and groin typically have more
4:22
corona bacterium stafylocus is found
4:25
across all skin
4:30
surfaces stafylocus epidermis is
4:33
particularly important for skin health
4:35
this beneficial bacteria competes with
4:37
harmful pathogens produces antimicrobial
4:40
compounds and helps maintain the skin's
4:42
ph balance it's also involved in
4:45
educating the immune system and creates
4:47
a protective barrier against
4:48
colonization by more harmful
4:56
microbes gram negative bacteria
4:58
represent a specialized group within the
5:00
skin microbiome primarily found in moist
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areas of the body these bacteria have a
5:06
distinctive structure with two cell
5:08
membranes an inner and outer membrane
5:10
with a thin peptidoglycin layer between
5:13
them unlike gram positive bacteria that
5:15
dominate most skin surfaces gram
5:18
negative species prefer areas with
5:20
higher humidity these moist areas
5:22
include armpits the groin region and
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spaces between toes where higher
5:27
humidity and warmth create favorable
5:29
conditions
5:31
common gram negative species found in
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these areas include enrobacttor
5:35
klebsella ecoli and proteus species
5:38
several environmental factors favor the
5:40
growth of gram negative bacteria in
5:42
these specific skin regions it's
5:45
important to understand that while these
5:47
same bacterial species can cause
5:49
infections in other body systems they
5:52
are normal residents of moist skin areas
5:55
in a healthy skin ecosystem these gram
5:57
negative bacteria exist in balance with
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other microorganisms contributing to the
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overall diversity of the skin
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microbiome fungi comprise a smaller but
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crucial component of the skin's
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microbial ecosystem though less numerous
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than bacteria they play important roles
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in skin health and homeostasis
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the major fungal genera found on human
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skin include candida malisesia
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epidermapitan and aspergillis each has
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distinct characteristics and ecological
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niches let's focus on malisthesia
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species which are the dominant fungi on
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oily areas of the skin including the
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scalp face and upper body malisesia are
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lipopilic fungi meaning they rely on
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skin oils called sebum for nutrition
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these oils are produced by sebaceous
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glands in the skin as sebum is secreted
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onto the skin surface malisesia fungi
6:51
metabolize specific components of these
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oils particularly fatty
6:55
acids when the balance of fungi on the
6:58
skin is disrupted various skin
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conditions can develop let's compare a
7:03
balanced microbiome with fungal
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overgrowth in a balanced microbiome
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fungi like malisthesia coexist with
7:09
bacteria and other microorganisms in
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appropriate proportions in contrast
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fungal overgrowth occurs when conditions
7:17
favor excessive proliferation of fungi
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disrupting the microbial balance this
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imbalance can lead to various skin
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conditions dandruff and sebetic
7:26
dermatitis are commonly associated with
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malisthesia overgrowth while tenia
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infections are caused by dermatopites
7:33
like
7:35
epidermapyon the skin microbiome serves
7:37
as a crucial protective barrier against
7:39
potential pathogens let's take a closer
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look at the skin surface to understand
7:44
how this protective barrier
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functions the skin is home to numerous
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beneficial bacteria that form the first
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line of defense one key protection
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mechanism is physical space occupation
7:57
beneficial microbes physically occupy
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the space on your skin blocking
8:01
potential pathogens from establishing
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themselves this mechanism is known as
8:05
competitive exclusion where beneficial
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microbes effectively crowd out harmful
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ones beyond physical occupation
8:13
beneficial bacteria produce
8:15
antimicrobial compounds called
8:17
bacterioins these natural antibiotics
8:20
inhibit the growth of pathogenic
8:21
organisms providing chemical protection
8:24
alongside the physical barrier
8:28
the skin's defense is a sophisticated
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multi-layered system where the
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microbiome works alongside physical and
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chemical barriers the outermost layer
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provides a physical barrier of tightly
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packed cells while antimicrobial
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peptides and acids create a chemical
8:44
defense deeper in the skin immune cells
8:47
provide additional protection forming a
8:49
comprehensive defense system against
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environmental threats in summary the
8:54
skin microbiome forms a living shield
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that protects through multiple
8:58
mechanisms including space occupation
9:01
and antimicrobial compound production
9:03
this microbial shield is an essential
9:05
component of the skin's complex
9:07
defensive system helping to maintain
9:09
health and prevent
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infection the skin microbiome plays a
9:13
crucial role in maintaining healthy skin
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condition through several key mechanisms
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normal skin flora forms a living
9:20
ecosystem on the skin surface where they
9:23
perform many beneficial
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functions certain bacteria like propioni
9:28
bacterium break down sebum while others
9:31
metabolize sweat components this
9:33
metabolic activity prevents buildup of
9:35
these substances and helps maintain the
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skin's naturally acidic ph balance
9:40
between 4.5 and 5.5
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propionabacterium species are
9:45
particularly important for oil
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regulation on the skin they metabolize
9:49
sebum produced by sebaceous glands this
9:52
breakdown process prevents excessive
9:54
oiliness and produces beneficial
9:56
byproducts including free fatty acids
9:58
antimicrobial peptides and natural
10:01
moisturizing
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factors the microbiome significantly
10:05
contributes to skin hydration and
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barrier function bacteria on the skin
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surface interact with all layers of the
10:12
skin these microorganisms help maintain
10:15
proper hydration prevent water loss
10:17
through the skin enhance lipid
10:19
production and support ceramide
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synthesis all critical for a healthy
10:23
skin
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barrier a balanced microbiome is
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strongly associated with clear
10:29
healthylook skin this balanced ecosystem
10:32
creates the optimal environment for skin
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health the benefits include appropriate
10:36
moisture levels balanced oil production
10:39
stable ph resilient barrier function and
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protection from harmful
10:50
pathogens the skin microbiome constantly
10:53
interacts with our immune system
10:55
creating a sophisticated relationship
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that's crucial for our health dendritic
11:00
cells in the skin constantly sample the
11:02
microbiome collecting molecular
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information from resident
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microorganisms these dendritic cells
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then communicate with t- cells and b
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cells training them to recognize the
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difference between harmful pathogens and
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beneficial resident
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microbes this constant dialogue helps
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maintain immune tolerance to beneficial
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microbes while still allowing for rapid
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response to true pathogens
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this relationship between the skin
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microbiome and our immune system begins
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at birth and continues to develop
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throughout our lives at birth initial
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microbial colonization begins through
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infancy the immune system calibrates its
11:42
responses childhood brings increasing
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microbial diversity adolescence adds
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hormonal influences and by adulthood a
11:49
stable relationship is established this
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lifelong dialogue between our skin
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microbiome and immune system is
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essential for maintaining skin health
11:58
and protecting against
12:02
infections the skin microbiome plays a
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crucial role in wound healing with
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specialized microorganisms helping to
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repair damaged tissue and protect
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against
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infections wound healing progresses
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through several phases inflammation
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proliferation and maturation the skin
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microbiome changes significantly
12:22
throughout this
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process certain bacteria produce
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beneficial compounds that actively
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support wound healing for example
12:30
stafylocus epidermis produces
12:32
antimicrobial peptides that prevent
12:35
pathogen colonization other microbes
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like propionabacterium produce
12:39
short-chain fatty acids that reduce
12:41
inflammation while coronabacterium
12:44
species produce enzymes that aid in
12:46
tissue
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remodeling after skin injury the
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microbiome goes through a recovery
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process initially the wound site
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experiences a dramatic disruption of the
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normal microbial community around day
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seven beneficial bacteria begin to
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recolonize the wound area while
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pathogenic microbes are gradually
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reduced through competition and
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antimicrobial activities by day 21 in a
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properly healing wound the microbiome
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approaches its pre-injjury state with a
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healthy balance of diverse
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microorganisms dominated by beneficial
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species the recovery of the skin
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microbiome is critically important for
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several reasons first it prevents
13:27
opportunistic pathogens from
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establishing infections by
13:31
reestablishing competitive inhibition
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second beneficial bacteria produce
13:35
compounds that directly accelerate
13:37
tissue repair and epithelialization
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finally a healthy microbiome helps
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moderate the inflammatory response
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preventing excessive inflammation that
13:47
could lead to chronic
13:49
wounds these insights into microbiome
13:51
recovery have important clinical
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implications for wound care approaches
13:56
include probiotic therapies that
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directly apply beneficial bacteria to
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wounds selective antimicrobials that
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preserve the beneficial microbiome and
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prebiotic dressings that support
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microbiome
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recovery disruption and dispiosis occur
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when the delicate balance of the skin
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microbiome is
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disturbed several factors can disrupt
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the natural balance of our skin
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microbiome these include excessive
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cleanliness harsh soaps antibiotic use
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environmental factors damage to the skin
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barrier and even
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stress when dispiosis occurs various
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skin conditions can develop acne often
14:37
results from an overgrowth of
14:38
propionacterium aces bacteria eczema is
14:41
associated with reduced microbial
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diversity and stafylocus orius
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overgrowth fungal infections involve
14:47
malisthesia yeasts while rosacea may
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involve both demodex mites and bacterial
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imbalances rather than trying to
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eliminate all microbes the key to skin
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health is maintaining a proper balance
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complete elimination of microbes is
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neither possible nor desirable
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beneficial bacteria help control
15:08
potential pathogens and the goal should
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be to maintain a diverse and balanced
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microbiome
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here are some practical tips for
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maintaining a healthy skin microbiome
15:20
first use gentle ph balanced cleansers
15:23
instead of harsh soaps that strip away
15:25
beneficial microbes limit antibiotic use
15:28
to when medically necessary as
15:29
antibiotics kill both good and bad
15:32
bacteria support your skin barrier with
15:34
moisturizers to prevent
15:36
dispiosis consider probiotic products
15:38
both topical and oral which may help
15:41
restore microbial balance and finally
15:43
avoid overwashing your skin as excessive
15:46
washing disrupts natural oils and
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beneficial
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microbes remember the key to skin health
15:52
is not about eliminating microbes but
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maintaining a diverse and balanced
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ecosystem that supports proper skin
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function by understanding and nurturing
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your skin's microbiome you can help
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prevent dispiosis and promote healthier
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skin
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