What are some mechanisms that bacteria use to resist the effect of antimicrobials?

Bacteria resist antimicrobials through several mechanisms: 1. Enzyme production: Some bacteria produce enzymes, like β-lactamases, that break down the antimicrobial agent. 2. Efflux pumps: Bacteria can pump out the antimicrobial before it can act. 3. Alteration of target sites: Bacteria may mutate their target sites to prevent the antimicrobial from binding effectively. 4. Biofilm formation: Bacteria in biofilms are protected from antibiotics due to limited penetration and increased resistance. 5. Reduced permeability: Bacteria can modify their cell wall or membrane to prevent the antimicrobial from entering the cell.