How to make bacteria competent for transformation?

To make bacteria competent for transformation, two primary methods are used: chemical treatment and electroporation. Chemical competence is induced by treating cells with a solution of calcium chloride at low temperatures, which makes the cell membrane permeable to DNA. Electroporation uses an electrical pulse to create temporary pores in the bacterial membrane, allowing DNA to enter. Both methods involve subsequent recovery steps to stabilize the cells and promote DNA integration or expression.