How do electrochemical biosensors work?

Electrochemical biosensors operate by measuring changes in electrical properties, such as current or voltage, resulting from interactions between an analyte and the sensor surface. When the target analyte binds to the recognition element, it triggers a redox reaction that produces a measurable electrical signal. The signal is proportional to the concentration of the analyte, allowing for accurate quantification. Common examples include amperometric, potentiometric, and conductimetric sensors, each utilizing different electrochemical principles for detection.