How do biosensors work?

Biosensors work by integrating biological and electronic systems to detect specific analytes. The process begins with the binding of the target analyte to a biological recognition element, which can be an enzyme, antibody, or nucleic acid. This interaction causes a biochemical change that is detected by the transducer, which converts the change into an electrical signal. The output signal is then processed and analyzed to determine the concentration of the analyte, enabling real-time monitoring and analysis.