Immunology Practical - Biology Notes Online

Haemagglutination Test – Principle, Procedure, Result, Material

Published on: May 17, 2024 by BNO Team

What is Hemagglutination assay? Haemagglutination Test Principle The fundamental principle underlying the hemagglutination test revolves around the interaction between antigens and antibodies present on the surface of Red Blood Cells (RBCs). When these antigens encounter their corresponding complementary antibodies or vice versa, they bind together, resulting in the agglutination or clumping of the RBCs. This … Read more

Hemagglutination Inhibition Test

Published on: May 17, 2024 by BNO Team

The nucleic acids of many viruses encode surface proteins (such as hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus) that agglutinate red blood cells (RBC) of numerous species. Hemagglutination is the process by which viral hemagglutinins react with red blood cells to form a lattice of agglutinated cells that settle unevenly in a tube or microtiter well. Unagglutinated … Read more

Anion Exchange Chromatography – Principle, Protocol, Applications

Published on: May 17, 2024 by BNO Team

What is Anion Exchange Chromatography? Principle of Anion Exchange Chromatography The principle of anion exchange chromatography is based on the net surface charge of proteins, which changes with the pH and is determined by their isoelectric point (pI). The pI of a protein is the pH at which it carries no net charge. Below the … Read more

Cation Exchange Chromatography – Principle, Protocol, Uses

Published on: May 17, 2024 by BNO Team

What is Cation Exchange Chromatography? Cation Exchange Chromatography Principles The principles of cation exchange chromatography are based on the net surface charge of proteins and the concept of isoelectric point (pI). The net surface charge of a protein can change with the pH of the surrounding environment. The pI of a protein refers to the … Read more

Sandwich ELISA – Definition, Principle, Steps, Advantages

Published on: May 17, 2024 by BNO Team

What is Sandwich ELISA? Sandwich ELISA Principle The principle of sandwich ELISA involves the detection of antigens using a combination of specific antibodies. The test begins by coating and immobilizing a known antibody onto the wells of a microtiter plate. This immobilized antibody serves as the capture antibody, which will bind to the antigen of … Read more

Direct ELISA – Principle, Protocol, Advantages

Published on: May 17, 2024 by BNO Team

What is Direct ELISA? Principle of Direct ELISA The principle of direct ELISA revolves around the specific binding interaction between an antigen and its corresponding antibody. In this type of ELISA, the antigen of interest is adsorbed or immobilized onto the surface of a plastic plate, typically a microtiter plate with multiple wells. To minimize … Read more

Competitive ELISA – Principle, Protocol, Applications

Published on: May 17, 2024 by BNO Team

What is Competitive ELISA? Principle of Competitive ELISA The principle of competitive ELISA is based on the competitive binding process that occurs between two specific antibodies and an antigen of interest. In this assay, two antibodies are utilized: one is conjugated with an enzyme, and the other is present in the test serum (if the … Read more

Radioimmunoassay (RIA) Test – Definition, Principle, Procedure, Results, Uses

Published on: May 17, 2024 by BNO Team

What is Radioimmunoassay (RIA)? Dfinition of Radioimmunoassay (RIA) Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a highly sensitive laboratory technique that uses radioisotopes to detect and measure the concentration of antigens or antibodies in a sample. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) Principle The principle of radioimmunoassay (RIA) is based on competitive binding, specificity, and sensitivity. In RIA, a radioactive antigen, also known as … Read more

Ring Precipitation Test – Principle, Procedure, Result

Published on: May 17, 2024 by BNO Team

Precipitin Ring Test Principle, Procedure, Result

To determine the presence or absence of antigens or antibodies in a patient, many tests have been developed that use the interaction of antibodies and antigens. These tests require specificity and sensitivity. Specificity refers to the property of only binding to one antigen. Sensitivity means that the antibody can recognize and bind the antigen.